JAXA's space science program includes past, present, and future international collaborations with NASA and ESA. Recent JAXA missions discussed include Hayabusa, Akatsuki, Hayabusa 2, and Hitomi (Astro-H). Hitomi's launch and initial operation were successful, but communication was lost. JAXA is investigating the cause and working to maintain strong partnerships going forward. Upcoming strategic large missions discussed include Martian Moons Explorer (MMX), SPICA, and participation in Athena and JUICE.

1. JAXA Space Science Program and
International Collaboration
The 21st “Science in Japan” Forum
US-Japan Collaboration in Space Sciences
-Past, Present and Future-
10 June 2016
Cosmos Club, Washington, DC
Saku Tsuneta
Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
http://www.iki.rssi.ru/eng/iki50.htm

2. HAYABUSA 2003-2010
Asteroid Explorer
AKARI(ASTRO-F)2006-2011
Infrared Astronomy
KAGUYA（SELENE)2007-2009
Lunar Exploration
SUZAKU(ASTRO-E2)2005-
X-Ray Astronomy
M-V Rocket
AKATSUKI 2010-
Venus Meteorogy
Hisaki 2013
Planetary atmosphere
HINODE(SOLAR-B)2006-
Solar Observation
IKAROS 2010
Solar Sail
JAXA recent science missions
HAYABUSA2 2014-2020
Asteroid Explorer
2
Hitomi(ASTRO-H) 2016-
X-Ray Astronomy

3. Fiscal
Year
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Operating/ConcludedUnderDevelopmentSounding
BeingconsideredRocket
ASTRO-EII（SUZAKU）’05
GEOTAIL’92
SOLAR-B（HINODE）’06
MUSES-C（HAYABUSA）’03
HAYABUSA1/2 SUZAKU
Daytime Dynamo ’11,’13▼▼
CLASP ’15▼
MMS ’14
▼
Space Science Cooperation with NASA and ESA
ASTRO-F（AKARI）’05
PLANET-C（AKATSUKI） ’10
BepiColombo ’16
SPICA ’27-28
JUICE ’22
▼
SPICA
Bepi Colombo
cooperation with NASA cooperation with ESA
HAYABUSA2 ’14
▼
▼
▼
▼
▼
ASTRO-H’15
ATHENA ’28 ▼Cooling Chain Core Technology Program
HINODE HITOMI

4. ASTRO-H X-ray Observatory
The ASTRO-H Hitomi was the
result of close collaboration
between NASA, JAXA and
other countries from its initial
concept throughout its
construction.

5. Hitomi Launched in 17 Feb. 2016

6. Hitomi SXS
In-flight calibration
4.6eV FWHM at 6keV
50mK achieved by
the cryogenic system
Cryogenic soft X-ray spectrometer
was in perfect shape until the
moment when communication
to the spacecraft was lost (Mar 26)

7. Hitomi SXS
In-flight calibration
4.6eV FWHM at 6keV
50mK achieved by
the cryogenic system
The Quiet Intracluster Medium in the Core
of the Perseus Cluster submitted to Nature
Cryogenic soft X-ray spectrometer
was in perfect shape until the
moment when communication
to the spacecraft was lost (Mar 26)

8. Hitomi mishap
• JAXA declared the shutdown of Hitomi on April 28, before
achieving regular operations for science. This deeply
disappointed the astrophysics community in the world,
particularly people who have been involved in the
development of the instruments aboard Hitomi over the
years.
• We were able to obtain SXS data of the Perseus cluster in the
initial operation phase, which is a stunning demonstration for
the in-orbit performance of the X-ray micro-calorimeter
developed by NASA/GSFC.
• ISAS, ISAS ASTRO-H project, primary contractor (NEC) and
Japanese X-ray astronomy community are deeply aware of
responsibility for the disaster.
8

9. Anomaly investigation
and recovery of the mission
• The anomaly is due to two different design-problems
and one improper operation procedure all related to
the Hitomi’s attitude control/safe-hold system.
• Technical culprit was identified and deeper cause of
the problems including sociological factors were
analyzed in the JAXA report to GOJ. All findings are
open to public.
• My priorities have been (1) to fix the problems in our
system that led to the mishap, (2) to recover the
Hitomi science with SXS with NASA, and (3) to
maintain the strong partnership with NASA and other
agencies. 9

10. とうえい
Mysterious bow in
super-rotating Venus atmosphere
Akatsuki Long-wave
infrared (LIR) camera

11. Akatsuki IR2 camera

12. Hayabusa 2
• Sample return from a
primordial asteroid Ryugu
(formerly 1999JU3).
• Small lander MASCOT
provided by DLR/CNES for
surface spectroscopy with
microscope.
• Small Carry-on Impactor
to expose fresh subsurface
materials

13. Hayabusa2 current status
13
■ Original plan
● Revised plan
● Result
(● and ● are overlapping
with difference of 300m)
Allowed window
to reach Ryugu
color contour every 10km, gray line altitude from Earth
l1300 hours of ion-engine operation
lPrecision (300m) navigation with DDOR
technique
lConsistent with JPL shadow navigation
lExcellent calibration data using Earth and
Moon taken during flyby

14. OH/H2O
H2O/CO2 absorption feature
H2O
CO2
14
Hayabusa2 Earth swingby
ONC TIR
NIRS3 Earth
Plant distributionColor image TIR thermal image ONC-T multi color
Australia（higher T）
NIRS3 Moon
OH/H2O absorption feature?

15. Hayabusa 2 mission
1/5
falcon
hayabusa
Hayabusa2-OSIRIS-REx
collaboration in operation
15

16. Hayabusa 2 mission
1/5
falcon
hayabusa
Hayabusa2-OSIRIS-REx
collaboration in operation
ISAS/JAXA HAYABUSA2 mission
• Launched: 2014, arrival:2018, departure: 2019,
return: 2020
• Earth swing-by completed in Dec 2015 on its way for
arrival at Ryugu in 2018
NASA OSIRIS-Rex mission
• Launch: 2016, arrival:2018, departure: 2021,
return: 2023
• Target: BENNU
Sample & return is regarded as a high-risk mission and
the collaboration including sample-exchange serves as
a means for insurance for both science teams. 16

17. 2010 2020 2030
Hisaki(2013)
SPICA (2027-28)
BepiColombo (ESA, 2016)
SLIM(2020)
#4 (2022)
#5(2024)
ERG (2016)
Astro-H (2016)
JUICE (ESA, 2022)
ATHENA(ESA, 2028)
WFIRST(NASA, 2025)
Phobos/Deimos (2022)
LiteBIRD, Solar-Sail, Solar-C (2025)
Proposals
being reviewed
NASA NewFrontiers2016
Strategic Large Missions
(300M$ class) for JAXA-
led flagship science
mission with HIIA vehicle
(3 in ten years)
Competitively-chosen
medium-sized focused
missions (<150M$ class)
with Epsilon rocket
(every 2 year)
Missions of opportunity
for foreign agency-led
mission
Space Policy Commission under cabinet office
intends to guarantee predetermined steady
annual budget for space science and
exploration to maintain its scientific activities

18. Large-size #3
Under selection
LiteBIRD, Solar-Sail,
(Solar-C)
Strategic L-class
missions with HIIA/H3
#4 ESA-Led SPICA
#2 Martian Moons
eXplorer (MMX)
#1 ASTRO-H
(Hitomi)
Strategic Large Missions
(300M$ class) for JAXA-
led flagship science
mission with HIIA/H3
vehicle (3 in ten years) FY2015
FY2022
FY2025
FY2027

19. Large-size #3
Under selection
LiteBIRD, Solar-Sail,
(Solar-C)
Strategic L-class
missions with HIIA/H3
#4 ESA-Led SPICA
#2 Martian Moons
eXplorer (MMX)
#1 ASTRO-H
(Hitomi)
Strategic Large Missions
(300M$ class) for JAXA-
led flagship science
mission with HIIA/H3
vehicle (3 in ten years) FY2015
FY2022
FY2025
FY2027
In spite of Hitomi mishap, MMX and SPICA
are our top-priority missions. These
missions should reach implementation
phase as early as possible.

20. MMX JAXA’s exploration of the two moons
of Mars with sample return from Phobos

21. MMX JAXA’s exploration of the two moons
of Mars with sample return from Phobos
JAXA’s mission to the Martian moons
(MMX) will make close-up remote
sensing and insitu observations of both
moons, and return samples from Phobos.

22. MMX Mars at the outer-edge of
the rocky planet region of the solar system
Rocky planets
Mars The location of
the snow line
Gas giants, icy planets

23. The big question to be addressed
with MMX
• Delivery of water, volatiles, organic compounds etc. from outside
the snow line to entitle the rocky planet region to be habitable
• Small bodies as delivery capsules
• Dynamics of small bodies around the snow line in the early solar
system
• Mars at the gateway position to witness the process
Comet (ice)
Primodal asteroid (Hydrous mineral)

24. - Two leading hypotheses, unsettled controversy.
- Revealing the origin would lead to better understanding of
the behavior of small bodies around the snow line in the
early solar system.
MMX Enigmatic origin of
the Martian moons
Phobos samples are mixture of Mars
materials and impactor materials: Mars
sample return realized! We do learn
about dynamics of the impactor.
Phobos sample analysis characterizes a
capsule that was on its way to deliver
water and organic compounds to the
inner-solar system.
Mars sample return: When debris from the Mars surface found, we will be
able to read-out the history of the Martian surface environment.

25. SPICA – Space Infrared Telescope
for Cosmology and Astrophysics
• SPICA is optimized for mid- and far-IR astronomy.
• SPICA unveils the “dusty era” in the Universe (evolution of
galaxies), and finds a route to habitable planets (formation of
planetary systems).
• SPICA is launched at ambient temperature, and cooled down in
space. The cryo-cooler system is a key heritage of JAXA ASTRO-H.
• To be proposed to the ESA M5 slot as an ESA-led mission.
l Baseline specifications
l Telescope : 2.5 m aperture
cooled <8 K
l Core wavelength : 17–230 mm
l Orbit : S-E L2 Halo Orbit
l Launcher : JAXA H3 Vehicle
l Launch Year : 2027–2028

26. AKARI FIS-FTS
JWST/MIRI
LimitingLineFlux(5s-1hr)/Wm-2
10-16
10-18
10-17
10-19
100 100020 200 350
Wavelength / mm
2010's
SPICA Sensitivity
Dramatic improvement
´100 Improvement
AKARI IRC
SPICA
2020's
ALMA
10-20
10
10-15
SPICA/SAFARIR=25000
R=300
SOFIA
HERSCHEL
Spitzer
R=3000

27. ?
Foreign agency-led
Large missions
#3 Athena (ESA)
#2 Jupiter Icy moons JUICE
(ESA)
#1 Bepi-Colombo
(ESA)
FY2018
FY2022
FY2028
Missions of opportunity
for foreign agency-led
mission

28. CNES Athena

29. ISAS Astrophysics and fundamental physics 2020s
Lead cryogenic astrophysics missions
29
Hot and Energetic Universe
Redshift(z)
Wavelength (m)
10-12-10-8 m 10-5-10-4 m 10-3-10-2 m
z=0.5
z=3
z>>10
Galaxy Evolution
Formation of Solar Systems
SPICA(ESA-led)
ATHENA(ESA-led)
Cosmic Microwave Background
and Inflation
(X-ray) (IR) (Milli-wave)
LiteBIRD (JAXA-led)
under assessment

30. Medium-size #4
Under selection
Competitive M-class
missions with Epsilon
#3 Moon landing (SLIM)
#2 van Allen belt (ERG)
#1 Hisaki
(UV planet)
Competitively-chosen
medium-sized focused
missions (<150M$ class)
with Epsilon rocket
(every 2 year)
FY2013
FY2016
FY2019
FY2021

31. Current Status
• Assembly, integration,
verification activities are
going on at ISAS.
• To be launched via
upgraded Epsilon#2 in
2016
ERG Flight model
31

32. ISAS Engineering: Small lunar-lander
(SLIM) for pinpoint landing technology
demonstration

33. SLIM
(Smart Lander for Investigating Moon)
SLIM is a mission to demonstrate the technology for
pin-point soft landing on lunar or planetary surface.
• Image-based navigation utilizing Lunar terrain
• Autonomous obstacle detection
• Robust pin-point guidance
• Landing shock absorber
• High-performance propulsion
• One science payload
• Precursor of full-scale lunar or
planetary missions
Total Weight:520kg

34. BepiColombo
MMO(ESA-led)
Martian Moons
eXplorer(MMX)
(JAXA-led)
Asteroid Sample Return
Hayabusa, Hayabusa2
(JAXA-led)
JUICE
(ESA -led)
34
SLIM Moon landing
(JAXA-led)
ISAS Planetary science 2020s
Lead sample & return
Solar-power sail to
Jupiter Trojan
asteroids (JAXA-led)
under assessment
SPICA(ESA-led)

35. New JAXA Deep Space Station
(available 2018, 54m, X&Ka bands)
• The location is in favor of cooperation with oversea deep space stations.
– Provide new attractive baseline of triangular shape for DDOR with
either NASA or ESA stations.
– Provide a complementary station for Australia.
● NASA
● ESA
● JAXA
● Goldstone
●
New Norcia
Usuda
●
●Canberra
Madrid
●●
Cebreros
●
Maralgüe
Hayabusa2 Earth
flyby attained
GNC accuracy
of 300m via
Differential
One-way Ranging
（Delta-DOR）

36. Technology driven
Leads and creates space
science programs
Science driven
Stimulates and encourages
new technology development
Uniqueness of ISAS: Close ties between
space science and space technology
Space Science Divisions
Space Astronomy Astrophysics
Solar System Science
Interdisciplinary Space Science
Space Technology Divisions
Space Flight Systems
Spacecraft Engineering
36

37. Recent accomplishments
HAYABUSA & IKAROS
Led by JAXA Lunar &
Planetary Exploration
Program Group 37

38. [Tech. Demo. #1] Solar sail deployment
[Tech. Demo. #3]
Photon propulsion
[Tech. Demo. #4]
Solar sail guidance,
navigation and control
Launch
(21/May/2010)
Venus Flyby
(8/Dec/2010)
[Tech. Demo. #2]
Power generation by sail-mounted thin
film solar cells
Extended operation phase
(Jan/2010 - now)
∼9/June/2010
∼10/June/2010
IKAROS Technology Demonstration of Interplanetary Solar Power Sail
Thin film solar cell
Solar sail Diagonal
20m
Led by JAXA Lunar & Planetary
Exploration Program Group
38

39. 2003 HAYABUSA-1
2014 HAYABUSA-2
2022 Phobos/
Deimos SR
Various missions related to sample return and/or
atmospheric-entry are being discussed and
proposed.
Phobos/Deimos SR Trojan SR with Solarsail Mars EDL mission
Deployable Aeroshell
w/U. Tokyo
HTV-R capsule(JAXA)
Systems for 12km/s (Mpeak=40) reentry speed
Thermal durability and
response in high
aerodynamics heating
environment are evaluated
with various materials in
ISAS arc wind tunnel.
39

40. Summary
• JAXA and space science community deeply
appreciate substantial support from NASA and US
scientists during the Hitomi crisis
• My priorities have been (1) to fix the problems in our
system that led to the mishap, (2) to recover the
Hitomi science with SXS with NASA, and (3) to maintain
the strong partnership with NASA and other agencies.
• JAXA moves forward in spite of Hitomi disaster. This
mishap shall make us and our system stronger, and
make us more reliable partner in space science in
the long run.