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Modeling the water-energy-food nexus in the Indus River of Pakistan
1. Modeling the water-energy-
food nexus in the Indus River
of Pakistan
Y. C. Ethan Yang, Casey
Brown, Claudia Ringler and
Ghazi Alam
GWSP Conference May 2013
This study is supported by the Pakistan Strategy Support Program (PSSP)
funded by USAID (pssp.ifpri.info)
2. www.ifpri.org
Background
The annual energy deficit is about 4,500 MW in
Pakistan (MoWP, 2011)
The feasible 800 sites on the Indus River have a
potential of 59,794 MW for hydropower generation.
However, only 6,720 MW (11% of the total) has
been developed (Siddiqi et al, 2012)
In order to understand the impact of increased
hydropower generation on agricultural water use
and food production, a modeling approach has
been used in this study
4. www.ifpri.org
Model
The Indus Basin Model Revised (IBMR), a flow-
network model coded in GAMS-- has been
modified into a multi-year version–Indus Basin
Model Multi-Year (IBMY) to evaluate the Water-
Food-Energy Nexus in the Indus Basin of Pakistan
The basin irrigates approximately 18 million ha in
four provinces; most irrigation is d/s of HP in the
basin; officially irrigation has precedence over
energy use
The model includes the 3 major hydropower
reservoirs: Mangla (1000 MW), Tarbela (3478 MW)
and Chashma (184 MW); and one major run-of-
the-river station: Ghazi-Barotha (1450 MW)
8. www.ifpri.org
Model--Hydropower
Baseline Setting:
• Inflow: 1961-2010 monthly flow from 9 tributaries
• Reservoir storage and groundwater tables are carried on
to the next year
• Crop price: 2008-09 average price
• Electricity price: 10 Rs. per KWH
10. www.ifpri.org
Alternative Scenarios
• Alternative energy and irrigation policies
– Baseline run
– Maximum agricultural production
– Maximum hydropower generation
• Investment in New HP Storage/Production
– Current storage
– New storage (~12 MAF, 7,300 MW)
11. www.ifpri.org
Results
Tradeoffs between irrigation and hydropower
exist
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
0 1000 2000 3000
Hydropowerprofit(billion
Rs.)
Agricultural profit (billion Rs.)
Current system With new storage
490
495
500
505
510
515
520
525
530
0 1000 2000 3000
Hydropowerprofit(billion
Rs.)
Agricultural profit (billion Rs.)
With new storage
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650
Hydropowerprofit(billion
Rs.)
Agricultural profit (billion Rs.)
Current system
12. www.ifpri.org
Results
Maximum agricultural profit
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Agriculturalprofit(billionRs.)
Current New storage
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Hydroelectircprofit(billionRs.)
Current New storage
Agricultural profit Hydroelectric profit
13. www.ifpri.org
Results
Maximum hydroelectric profit
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Agriculturalprofit(billionRs.)
Current New storage
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Hydroelectircprofit(billionRs.)
Current New storage
Agricultural profit Hydroelectric profit
14. www.ifpri.org
Conclusion
Baseline result is close to maximum
agricultural profit which reflects the water
allocation rules in the basin
Even under current relatively low storage/HP
development and u/s location of HP & d/s
location of irrigation, tradeoffs exist; new
storage could significantly increase tradeoffs
To increase hydropower production without
jeopardizing irrigation, adding new storage
under the current water allocation scheme is
the most recommended approach
15. www.ifpri.org
Conclusion
Model limitations
• We did not model the entire energy market
• We maximized annual hydropower production;
maximizing winter production, where the deficit is
largest, would result in a larger tradeoffs
• While we maximized HP or IRR, we left the rule
curve unchanged. Changes in the rule curve in
favor of HP would change final outcomes
Future studies
• Changes in HP rule curves
• Climate change impact
• Impact of change in water sharing policies