The document summarizes successful fecal sludge management (FSM) business cases from 21 countries and identifies 18 potential FSM business models. Effective FSM requires strong local capacities, regulations, policies, and viable business models supported by institutional linkages. A range of business models are presented, including public and private emptying models, scheduled desludging with sanitation taxes, and fecal sludge-based fertilizer production. Local feasibility studies are needed to adapt the models to specific contexts. Partnerships and business curricula development can help build local capacities to support sustainable FSM implementation in developing countries.

1. Sustainable implementation of fecal
sludge businesses in developing
countries
Miriam Otoo
International Water Management Institute
3rd October, 2018

2. Almost 600 million people in India are
dependent on FSM!

3. Effective fecal sludge management requires:
• Strong local capacities
across the whole
sanitation service
delivery chain.
• Effective regulations
and supportive policies.
• Institutional linkages
across P&P sectors
supported by viable
business models.
Stakeholders multiply
Regulations multiply

4. • Review of 44+ successful FSM business cases
from 21 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America
FSM Business Cases

5. Institutional linkages and partnership models –
key to business analysis!

6. FSM Business
Models
• 18 FSM
Business
Models
extracted/
developed

7. Typical Public Sector Emptying Model
• Reduces indiscriminate disposal of sludge (+)
• No close monitoring for regulatory compliance (+)
• No modification of sanitation codes and policy (+)
• Subsidy-driven (-)
• Limits private sector involvement (-)

8. Typical Private Sector Emptying Model
• Private sector involvement (+)
• Reduced subsidies for waste collection (+)
• Tipping fees a disincentive for operators (-)
• Potential indiscriminate disposal of sludge (-)
• Close monitoring for regulatory compliance
required (-)

9. Scheduled Desludging with Sanitation Tax
• Private sector involvement (+)
• Reduced indiscriminate dumping (+)
• Dissemination of info. on desludging schedule
and presence of household at service time (-)
• Broad stakeholder consultation and
engagement process (-)

10. A range of possible business models which
require local feasibility studies and adaptation:
Non-movable
UDDT
installation
model
Residential-
institutional
Biogas
Model

11. A range of possible business models which
require local feasibility studies and adaptation:
Fecal
sludge-
based
fertilizer for
revenue
generation

12. BUSINESS CURRICULA
Next steps: Transformation of knowledge to
develop capacities and support decision making
Partnerships welcome!

13. Thank you.
Miriam Otoo, PhD
m.otoo@cigar.org
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/research/rural-
urban-linkages/resource-recovery/