The document discusses the evolution of electronics and computing technologies from 1974 to the present day. It notes that in 1974, electronics was still a professional field with valves still in use, while today electronics is integrated into many consumer products. It also summarizes Moore's Law of transistors doubling every two years, and how this has driven the rapid advancement of technologies, from early processors with 30-40 transistors to today's chips with billions of transistors. The document advocates for heavy reuse of technologies, methods and tools to enable efficient product design in the modern era of enormous design complexity.

1. ©ARM 2016
Carving the Perfect Engineer
Ian Phillips
LnL at Uo.Newcastle – 19jul16
First presented EWME 2016, Uo. Southampton, UK – 11may16
Principal Staff Engineer
ARM Ltd, Cambridge, UK
ian.phillips@arm.com
Visiting Prof. at ...
NMI Contribution to
Industry Award
Opinions expressed are my own ...
Pdf andVideo at http://ianp24.blogspot.com
1v0

2. ©ARM 20162
Electronic Design Engineer at the Start-Line ...
§ 1964: Left school at 15 with no qualifications (1964)
§ Electronic Apprentice (+DayRelease) with the MOD => UoSwansea in 1970
§ 1974: Graduated 1st in Electrical and Electronic Eng. (Age 24)
§ FamiliarTopics: Mathematics, Communications, Physics, Optics, Electrical,
Discrete Electronics, Radio, Digital Logic and Computation, Fortran4 ...
§ 1974: Started as R&D Engineer at Pye TMC ...
§ Electronics in 1974 was mostly Professional
§ Solid State Electronics was just about there (Valves were still around)
§ The Consumer had valve TV, transistor radio and the four-function calculator
§ All Signal Processing was analogue
§ Pye TMC Had One Computer (~1MIP), and shared it using Teletype
§ Working on Digitization of Telephony Equipment
§ I designed Systems incl.of 4-phase Dynamic Integrated Circuits!
§ Paper tape was the designers i/o.Mag-tape for files more than a few Kb.
... The question:Was I adequately prepared for my next 42yrs as a Design Engineer?

3. ©ARM 20163
1974:Telephony

4. ©ARM 20164
1974: Personal Transport
Vauxhall Viva HB
SL90

5. ©ARM 20165
1974: Domestic Radio

6. ©ARM 20166
Design Engineering = Making Stuff Happen...
§ Stuff which is Valuable and Viable ...
§ Functional - It has GOT to work
§ Economical - Its cost has got to be less than its value
§ Reproducible -Yield, Distributable, Reliable (enough)
§ Innovative - Competitive against alternative implementations
§ Its about Delivering a Promise for the future ...
§ Certainty
§ Timescales
§ Development and Manufacturing Costs
§ Quality (Dependability and Reliability)
§ Using Appropriate Available Technology ...
§ The right technologies, not the fanciest; available technologies, not the optimistically promised
§ It is about working with others (Teamwork) internally and externally to deliver
§ It is about thinking around and about the problem, and being ingenious in the solution
... It is Not about pursuit of personal excitement, challenge or pleasure (or career)

7. ©ARM 20167
100BC: Computing - Hipparchos’s Antikythera
Hipparchos
c.190 BC – c.120 BC.
Ancient Greek
Astronomer,
Philosopher and
Mathematician
§ Objective: Compute (Solve Equations of Motion) Planetary Positions for Navigation or Ceremonial purposes
§ Technology Science: Hand-Made Metal, Hand-Cut Gears, Engraving,Analogue Computation
§ Probably only 10's ever made. Far too expensive for general use. A 'Product' (way) ahead of its time!
Found in the Mediterranean in 1900 See: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02hz21v

8. ©ARM 20168
1700: Computing - Graham’s Orrery
§ Objec&ve: A Product for Compu.ng Planetary Posi.ons
§ Technology: Factory-Made Metal, Machine-Cut Gears, Wood, Prin.ng, Analogue Computa.on
§ 1,800 yrs for Available Technology catch-up with An.kythera's Science
George Graham
1674-1751
English Clock-Maker

9. ©ARM 20169
§ Objective: A Mechanism for Computing PolynomialTables (Eg:Trig, Log, Polar -Tables)
§ Technology: Metal, Precision Gears, Digital (base 10)
§ None actually made. Beyond the capabilities of the MachineTools of its day.
A 'Product' ahead of its time!
1837: Computing - Babbage's Difference Engine
Constructed 2000
Trigonometric tables by M.Bernegger. 1619

10. ©ARM 201610
1856: Computing - Amsler’s Planimeter
Planimeter 2016 !
§ Objective: A Product for Computing the Area of an arbitrary 2D shape
§ Technology: Precision Mechanics, Analogue Accuracy 'few %' – Excellent use of current Technology
§ Still available today ... Same science, but enhanced by Electronic Technology (Accuracy <0.2%)!

11. ©ARM 201611
§ Objective: Demonstration of General Purpose, Stored Program, Equation Solving (aka Computing)
§ Technology: Electronics (valves), Digital (base 2)
§ Not viable as a Product in 1947 ...
§ But Viable since the 1960's ...And with Recurring Enhancement through to today
1947: Computing - Uo.Manchester’s “Baby”
Implementa<ons are Limited
by Available Technology!
Reconstruction 2000

12. ©ARM 201612
Electronics Enhanced Functionality;Again & Again ...
And Does So
for Ever-More
Domains ...

13. ©ARM 201613
1965: Moore’s Law
§ “Moore's Law” coined by Carver Mead in 1970, from Gordon Moore's ar=cle in Electronics
Magazine April 1965 "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits“.
“The complexity for minimum component
costs has increased at a rate of roughly a factor
of two per year ... Certainly over the short term this
rate can be expected to continue, if not to increase.
Over the longer term, the rate of increase is a bit more
uncertain, although there is no reason to believe it will
not remain nearly constant for at least 10 years. That
means by 1975, the number of components per
integrated circuit for minimum cost will be 65,000. I
believe that such a large circuit can be built on a
single wafer”
In 1965 he was designing ICs with ~80 transistors!
And basing his observations on 30-40 transistor ICs!

14. ©ARM 201614
1965: Integrating 30-40 components ...
§ Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL)...

15. ©ARM 201615
10nm
100nm
1um
10um
100um
ApproximateProcessGeometry
ITRS’99
Transistors/Chip(M)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore’s_law
Moore’s Law: 50 yrs of Technology Driven Opportunity ...
Transistor/PM(K)
X

16. ©ARM 201616
2012: NVIDIA’s Tegra 3 Processor Unit (Around 1B transistors)
NB:TheTegra 3 is similar to the Apple A4

17. ©ARM 201617
... Professional Markets remain; Design Challenge is satisfying them with CommercialTechnology
The Business Opportunities that Drive Technology
Mobile Internet and IoT lead business opportunity next ...
Mobile Internet
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Main Frame
Mini Computer
Personal Computer
Desktop Internet
Millionsof
Units
1st Era
Select work-tasks
2nd Era
Broad-based computing
for specific tasks
3rd Era
Computing as part
of our lives
World Population
>10 Computers/Person
Technology
for Science
Technology
for Pleasure
ProfessionalçèConsumer

18. ©ARM 201618
§ Need: A Mechanism for enhancing human memory (Camera)
§ Technology: ...
§ Excellent Lenses
§ Fine Mechanical Mechanisms
§ Electro-Mechanical Exposure Metering
§ Metal (and some) Plastic Forming
§ Manual Assembly
§ Photo-Chemical Memory (35mm Film)
1998: Canon EOS Rebel GII (18yrs ago)
35mm Film Camera
System-Level
Mechanical Computation

19. ©ARM 201619
§ Need: A Mechanism for enhancing human memory (Camera)
§ Technology: ...
§ Digital Logic (CPU+I.O.)
§ Software
§ Memory (NV and RAM)
§ Excellent Lenses and Displays
§ Analogue Electronics (Network & GPS)
§ Sensors and Transducers (CCD & MEM)
§ Precision Mechanics
§ Micro-Motors
§ Batteries and Energy Storage
§ LEDs and Discharge Tubes
§ Precision forming of Plastics and Metal
§ Electronic Packaging
§ Robotic Assembly ...Technology External to the Product!
... All theseTechnologies are available to 'All' 21c Businesses today
... But must be Capabilities in a Business before they can be utilised in their Products!
2016: Canon EOS 5D (Today)
Incorporating DIGIC5+ (ARM)
System-Level
Computation
ARM-based
Computer

20. ©ARM 201620
Electronic-System is not just Electronics
§ Analogue and Digital Electronics
§ Embedded Software
§ Signal Processing (Maths)
§ Displays and Transducers
§ System Knowledge and Know-How
§ Research (Preparation)
§ Component, Sub-System and
Systems Design
§ Micro-Machines (MEMs)
§ Materials and their use
§ Design Productivity Methods and Tools
§ Reproduction (Manufacture); Robotics and Test
... Innovation is how 'you' Architect the System to utilise
the best features of theTechnologies AvailableToYou!

21. ©ARM 201621
10nm
100nm
1um
10um
100um
ApproximateProcessGeometry
ITRS’99
Transistors/Chip(M)
Transistor/PM(K)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore’s_law
1,800py
8,500py
100py
Moore’s Law: 50 yrs of Increasing Design Challenge ...
Global TeamsLocal TeamsSmall TeamSingle Designer
Expertise ReuseHW&SW ReuseSome ReuseClean Sheet
“Verification Gap”

22. ©ARM 201622
1990's: Designer Productivity drove the Methodology
§ The Product Possibilities offered by utilising the Billions of Affordable and Aesthetically
Encapsulate-able Transistors is Commercially Beguiling!
§ But the only way to realise these possibilities in a reasonable time, with a reasonable
team and at a reasonable cost; is huge amounts of Reuse of Design and Technology ...
§ Hardware, Software and other Technologies; Methods and Tools
§ In-Company: Sourced and Evolved from Predecessor Products
§ Ex-Company: Sourced from businesses with lesser-known(?) Histories,
but Specialist Knowledge
§ Reuse Improves Quality; as objects are designed more carefully, and
bug-fixes are incremental
§ But beware; systems always have residual errors!
... Clean-Sheet approaches are several orders of magnitude higher cost!
… >99% Reuse will be the rule for all future Product Design and Development!

23. ©ARM 201623
1991:The ARM7 RISC-Processor Core …

24. ©ARM 201624
ARM7 Core
DMA
Par.
Port
PCMCIA UART (2)
Int’t.
Contr.
Memory
Interface
Timers
W’Dog
Arb’tr.
Misc.
1991:The ARM7 RISC-Processor Core …

25. ©ARM 201625
2016: Bringing the Right Horse to the Right Course ...
... Delivering ~5x speed (Architecture + Process + Clock)
About 50MTr
About 50KTr

26. ©ARM 201626
... Which means: 24 Processors in 6 Families ...
Not just Processors, but Methods,Tools and Utilities to Build them into Systems ...

27. ©ARM 201627
... Architecture for Heterogeneous Mul<-Processing ...
ACE
ACE
NIC-400 Network Interconnect
Flash GPIO
NIC-400
USBQuad
Cortex-
A15
L2 cache
Interrupt Control
CoreLink™
DMC-520
x72
DDR4-3200
PHY
AHB
Snoop
Filter
Quad
Cortex-
A15
L2 cache
Quad
Cortex-
A15
L2 cache
Quad
Cortex-
A15
L2 cache
CoreLink™
DMC-520
x72
DDR4-3200
8-16MB L3 cache
PCIe
10-40
GbE
DPI Crypto
CoreLink™ CCN-504 Cache Coherent Network
IO Virtualisation with System MMU
DSP
DSP
DSP
SATA
Dual channel
DDR3/4 x72
Up to 4 cores
per cluster
Up to 4
coherent
clusters
Integrated
L3 cache
Up to 18 AMBA
interfaces for
I/O coherent
accelerators
and IO
Peripheral address space
Heterogeneous processors – CPU, GPU, DSP and
accelerators
Virtualized Interrupts
Uniform
System
memory

28. ©ARM 201628
... Support for Design-Tools, Libraries & Partners ...
§ Technology to build Electronic System solu=ons:
§ So?ware, Drivers, OS-Ports, Tools, U&li&es to create efficient
system with op.mized soKware solu.ons
§ Diverse Physical Components, including CPU and GPU
processors designed for specific tasks
§ Interconnect System IP delivering coherency and the quality of
service required for lowest memory bandwidth
§ Op&mised Cell-Libraries for a highly op.mized SoC
implementa.ons
§ Well Connected to Partners in the Life-Cycle:
§ For complementary tools and methods required by System
Developers
§ Global Technology Global Partners:
§ ~1000 Partners; Millions of Developers

29. ©ARM 201629
...Training for Engineers & Students ...
Lab-in-a-Box (Education Kit)
Hardware, Software & Courseware
Free to Qualifying Educators World-Wide
http://www.arm.com/support/

30. ©ARM 201630
§ UK Established and Headquartered
§ Global leader in the development of
semiconductor IP
§ R&D outsourcing for semiconductor companies
§ Innovative business model yields high margins
§ Upfront license fee – flexible licensing models
§ Ongoing royalties – typically based on a
percentage of chip price
§ Technology reused across multiple applications
... ARMTechnology Creates new and
Transforms existing markets
... And our Business Model
2-3
20+ years
Mul<ple applica<ons
development and sales
2-3 years
Partner chip
development
2-3 years
ARM research and
development
Cost incurred
License revenue $
Royalty revenue $
~1,350 ac<ve licenses
… 173 in 2014
>425 poten<al royalty
payers
15bn ARM-based chips 2015
20% CAGR over last 5 years
~£968m Revenue (~28% on R&D)
~3600 Employees ww (~73% in R&D)
… fromY2015 published figures

31. ©ARM 201631
ARM Enables Innovation Across the Entire Industry
Leader in wearables
and the IoT
>70% of smart TVs and >95%
of portable game consoles Enabling the transforma<on of
the network infrastructure and
data center
ARM-based servers
now shipping
Driving smart energy, home
networking, automo<ve
>95% of
smartphones
and tablets
>80% of digital
cameras

32. ©ARM 201632
ARM Partnership: Building for the Long Term
ARM Chips shipped in 2015
by ARM Partners
ARM Chips Shipped to Date by
ARM Partners

33. ©ARM 201633
§ Electronics today is much changed from Electronics in 1974 ...
§ But Designing is still about Making (Electronic Based) Stuff Happen ...
§ Electronics Design has evolved into Electronic-Systems Design
§ The 'Electronic Designer' has to consider/optimize all sorts of wider-system technologies
§ Q: Did my Education prepare me for this? A:Yes ...
§ Because it excited me about the potential of electronic technology (to drive me further)
§ It gave me the 'language' to communicate and learn from other (Electronic) Engineers
§ It taught me how to work in a team and to be scientific in my approach.
§ The rest came from through-life learning ...
§ In response to evolving job needs and career opportunities
§ Using a variety of formal and informal training material
§ (My) Design Engineering Knowledge has had a half-life of 3-5yrs ...
§ And I have needed to acquire '~50%' new-stuff every 2-3yrs
§ Some older-stuff becomes irrelevant; other just ceases to be as-pertinent
§ Some new-stuff was state-of-the-art; some was cross-discipline; some was what others knew!
...The last 3-5yrs of your Professional work defines you; so manage it!
Electronic Design Eng'r at the Finishing-Line ...

34. ©ARM 201634
ARM: a Typical 21c Knowledge-Based Business?
§ Employee Profile ...
§ 95% of ARM have a Bachelors degree
§ 50% have a Masters
§ 9% have a PhD
§ ARM Governance ...
§ Main Board:All the Exec. Directors are engineers other than, our CFO who did History at Oxford.
§ Executive: Everyone is an Engineer other than: our CFO (as above), the Company Secretary who is a
Lawyer, and our General Council who is a Chemist turned lawyer.
§ HR Director: materials scientist turned Human Resources.
§ All Businesses need a diversity of skills ...
§ Technology businesses just need a predominance of technology skilled individuals
§ Knowledge businesses need more highly-skilled individuals (and fewer low)
§ Careers are Dynamic things ... evolving from initial training
Ref: Parsons HR Director 7jun11
§ New Hires ...
§ 1/3 Acquisition, 1/3 Experienced, 1/3 New Graduates
§ 40% Computer Science
§ 40% Electrical and Electronic
§ 20% Physics, Math's and Non-Technical subjects (Media,
Business, Finance, Legal, etc.).

35. ©ARM 201635
Societal - Organized
Self Determined
From Knowledge to Skill
§ Stage1: We start knowing nothing (Primary Education)
§ Those around us (appear to) know everything, so we learn from Everybody.
§ We are the sum of our Experience; which isn’t much
...We are not financially valuable to Society. (Consume only)
§ Stage2: We learn fromTeachers; and progressively know as much as most people (Secondary Education)
§ Whilst realizing there are others who know more, and less.
§ We are the sum of our Education; and on a par with most others.
...We are no more financially valuable to Society than the next person (Low economic contribution)
§ Stage3: We learn from Experts; and soon know more than most people in some areas (Tertiary Education)
§ Though in other areas we will know less than our peers
§ We are the sum of our Education; so could be replaced by another with similar Qualifications
... If our skills are needed; we are more financially valuable to Society than the average other person (Good economic contribution)
§ Stage4: We learn from Experience and Peers; and they learn from us. (Professional Education)
§ We are greater than our Formal Education; we cannot be replaced by another with the same Education profile.
Formal Qualifications no longer adequately define the role.
§ Professional Skill emerges as we develop the ability to identify and deploy subsets of what we know, in conjunction with what
others know (teams). Whilst our domain-specific knowledge grows, aspects of our Formal Training will stagnate or decline.
...We are valued highly by Appropriate Businesses because we know how-to-achieve 'challenging things' (Max. economic cont'n)
... Maintenance of our Professional-Value is (should be) an important part of our Professional Lives!

36. ©ARM 201636
§ Around 3% of the population has an Engineering Degree ...
§ Only ~half of this number are employed as E/S roles
§ That’s <1 person in a the 'top' Secondary Education class ...
The Geek! Male or Female ... it is a difficult place to be!
§ Just ~1% of them will make ‘World-Class Leaders’...
§ But the benefits they bring to local society/economy
are disproportionately large
§ Coaching their peers could cheaply double/treble their
number and bring great societal benefit
... Initiatives to realise the potential of ~0.03%
of the population would be seen by society as
favouring the already favoured!
Elitism and the Engineer/Scientist
... A (another) domain where innate (physical) ability maders!

37. ©ARM 201637
§ 3,600 employees in last public report ...
§ 34 Offices around the world (Design facilities in 7 countries)
§ 265 vacancies today, 224 of which are engineer-level, 144 are in Europe
§ Growing at about 10%pa (Business growing about 20%pa)
§ We are recruiting fast enough to meet our plans for organic growth
§ Individuals join us in Europe and USA ... from many countries.
§ Acquisitions of viable Companies 'establish' new Technical Capabilities by including Working Teams
... Greater valuable than individuals. Geography is less of an issue these days.
§ Retention by proactive career development and CPD (Good employer)
... BUT we don't need to be a 30,000+ head company, or own our own factory
... ARM needs to find Good Individuals and Innovative/Aligned/Viable Startups
... if they are in the UK we will recruit them here (else ... )
§ ESCO1 says there are 30,000 Electronic-System Enterprises in the UK, employing 850,000 people and
contributing 5.5% to GDP; growing around 9%pa.This is not a dead industry, it is a great career opportunity!
Recruiting Engineers and Scientists ...
Does ARM have problems; NO ... Could we have problems; YES
1: ESCO Report hVp://www.esco.org.uk

38. ©ARM 201638
§ Requires a two-pronged approach to education ...
§ Educate Society; about our (UK) Roles and theirValue to them. Societal, Economic and Careers.
§ Educate Individuals; set Initial and Through-Life expectations of Engineers/Scientists. Support them as they
learn and adapt through-life to deliver societies needs of them; and as they pursue global pre-eminence.
§ This Requires Governments to encourage and support Intellectual Elitism ...
§ A politically difficult topic
§ But it is vitally important to maintain/enhance the UKs global significance
§ And thus necessary to avoid National EconomicVulnerability to the continued beneficence of others.
§ Microelectronic System Design entry-level is served by Tertiary Qual'ns across STEM
§ Higher Degrees and Specialisms are a +ve if they complement the employees role in the business!
§ Enter as "Graduate-Engineer" ... 2-3yrs of training/experience before becoming a full "Engineer"
... Formal Qualifications gets you started; but Adaption and Learning keeps you in the game
Education => Education, Education ...
Providing the Skilled People for Microelectronic (System) Businesses

39. ©ARM 201639
Conclusions
§ Electronics 1974 ≠ Electronics 2016
§ This domain has seen huge change every year; and will continue to do so!
... In 2016; Electronic Design => Electronic System Design
§ The Design Engineers Role is STILL to Create a Commercially Competitive Artifact
using Available Technologies!
§ The Needs of the Market (Business Opportunities) are always evolving
§ And Available Technologies and Methods will too ...
...The Design Engineer must Architect and Implement; Viable andTimely Products based on these!
§ The Design Engineer will (almost always) be part of a Team
§ The challenge today is (almost always) too big for an individual
§ Specialty-Roles emerge throughout (and can have value as businesses in their own right)
§ And don't underestimate the importance of the Giant's Shoulders (Reuse of all aspects)
...There will be Scientific Specialist, Management or Administrative career-alternatives available en-route
...The Design Engineer 'Carves' His/Herself throughout their Professional-Life
... Higher Education gets you to the Start-Line of a Stimulating & Challenging career.

40. The trademarks featured in this presentation are registered and/or unregistered trademarks of ARM Limited
(or its subsidiaries) in the EU and/or elsewhere. All rights reserved. All other marks featured may be
trademarks of their respective owners.
Copyright © 2016 ARM Limited
©ARM 2016