2. 何謂APA?
APA 格式是指美國心理學會 (American Psychological
Association) 所發行的出版手冊(publication manual)
有關論文寫作的規定格式。
依據 APA 的格式,文章的結構包括封面、摘要、本文、
參考文獻、註記、以及附錄與補充資料等部分。
2
上課教材:林天佑(2010)。APA格式第六版。取
自
http://www.mis.ccu.edu.tw/upload_data/APA6th.pd
f
3. APA STYLE GUIDE
APA Style is an editorial style that was established by the American
Psychological Association (APA) to site sources in psychology,
education, social, and other behavioral sciences. It is composed of
rules and guidelines for the formatting of documents and many
graduates use APA style for writing papers for master thesis or
doctorate dissertation.
The APA editorial style is not only used for the writing of psychology or
science papers. It is also adopted by other writers as a standard
writing style for research papers. 3
4. I. GENERAL TOPICS
A. Typing
1. The paper should be typed double-space on a standard paper (8.5” x 11”)
with one inch margins on all sides.
2. The Font must be 12-point Times New Roman or Courier.
3. Left-aligned paragraphs indented with the “Tab” key.
B. Writing in General
1. Use complete sentences in active voice, especially the first sentence of the
paragraph.
2. Avoid using slang languages.
3. Spell out the words and do not use contractions like “it’s” or “they've”.
4
5. I. GENERAL TOPICS
C. Style Details in General
1. Avoid using first person pronouns like “I”, “you”, or “we”.
2. Avoid using sexist language (he, she) when referring to a person.
3. Use past tense in the abstract, introduction, and method, while results and
discussion sections can be in the present tense.
D. Abbreviations
1. Spell words out the first time they appear.
2. Avoid using too many abbreviations; one to three is acceptable.
5
6. I. GENERAL TOPICS
E. Numbers
1. Use metric units. (公制單位)
2. Spell out zero to nine, except in table or figure number, or a
metric measurement.
3. Use numbers for 10 and above.
F. Citations in the Text
1. Citing references in text is done in different ways, but mostly, it
includes the last name of the author and the year of publication.
6
7. I. GENERAL TOPICS
G. Quotations
1. Include the page numbers for direct quotes.
2. A maximum of three to four quotes should be included
in a 10-page paper.
7
8. II. MANUSCRIPT
ELEMENTS
A. Title
1. This page includes: Article Title, Author’s Name, Author’s
School/Affiliation, Running Head, Page Header, and Page
Number. E.g. Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER
2. The title should summarize what the paper is all about in 10 – 12
words.
8
9. II. MANUSCRIPT
ELEMENTS
B. Abstract
1. The abstract is found on Page 2. The term “Abstract” is
written at the center of the first line after the manuscript
page header
2. This section contains at least research topic, research
questions, participants, method, results, data analysis, and
conclusions. You may also include possible implications of
your research and future work you see connected with your
findings.
9
10. II. MANUSCRIPT
ELEMENTS
C. Introduction
1. Introduction starts on page 3, at the center of the page. Do not
put the word “Introduction”.
2. Provide a brief description of the research question, indicating its
importance and other related information.
D. Method
1. Type the word “Method” at the center of the next double-spaced
line.
2. Discuss how the study “was” performed.
10
11. II. MANUSCRIPT
ELEMENTS
E. Results
1. Type “Results” at the center of the page.
2. Summarize the data collected.
F. Discussion
1. This section should include the evaluation and
interpretation of data in relation to the research
problem. 11
12. II. MANUSCRIPT
ELEMENTS
G. References
1. Type the word “References” at the top of a new page.
2. All citations made in the paper must be presented in this section.
12
13. II. MANUSCRIPT
ELEMENTS
H. Other Sections
1. Author Note – Complete department affiliation, change of affiliation (if any),
acknowledgements (financial support), person to contact (mailing address, e-
mail).
2. Tables – each table should begin on a separate page and labeled as “Table 1” (or
Table 2, etc.).
3. Figure Captions and Figures – presented on the last page of the paper. The
figure caption is typed at the center of the page as Figure 1 (Figure 2, etc.) with
the first letter in capital.
4. Appendices – Type “Appendix” at the upper center of the page and use Appendix
A (Appendix B… etc.) for multiple appendices.
13
14. REASONS FOR CITING
1. To give credit to originator of text or
idea.
2. To provide source information, so
reader can follow-up, if desired.
3. Protect yourself! (plagiarism)
14
24. 壹、正文引註
4. Katz、Blumler 與 Gurevitch(1974)首先提出使用與滿足理論
(Uses and Gratification Theory)…
5. 滿足理論(Katz, Blumler, & Gurevitch, 1974)主張…
6. 謝文全、林新發、張德銳和張明輝(1985)提出⋯
(第二次引用)謝文全等人(1985)提出⋯
7. Instead, it should be an indispensable part of education (Norris,
1985; Paul, 1995; Perkins, 1992).
24
25. 壹、正文引註
英文特定部分之引註 (< 40 words):
She stated, “ The „placebo effect‟…disappeared when
behaviors were studied in this manner” (Miele, 1993, p. 276),
but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.
Miele (1993) found that “the „placebo effect,‟ which had been
verified in previous studies, disappeared when [only the first
group‟s] behaviors were studied in this manner” (p. 276).
25
26. 壹、正文引註
英文特定部分之引註:(>= 40 words):
Miele (1993) found the following:
The “placebo effect,” which had been verified in
previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were
studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were
never exhibited again [italics added], even when reel
drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g., Abdullah,
1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing
the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)
26
30. 貳、參考文獻格式:研討會論文
林天祐(2008 年10 月)。透過親師合作提升學生學習效能:轉變中
學校親師關係的思維。「2008 臺北親師高峰會」發表之論文,臺
北市教師研習中心。
Liu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of
intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at
the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information
Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from
http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htm
30
32. 貳、參考文獻格式:書的一章
盧玉琴(2007)。信度。在陳正昌、張慶勳編著,量化研究與統
計分析(頁111-138)。臺北市:新學林出版社。
Lee, T. W., Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1989). Goal setting
theory and job performance. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Goal
concepts in personality and social psychology. (pp. 509-
520). Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
32
紙本書籍某一章,註明該章頁碼
35. 貳、參考文獻格式
Exercises Part II (Order):
1. Ennis, R. H. (1962). A concept of critical thinking. Harvard Educational Review,
32(1), 81-111.
2. Ennis, R. H. (1980). Eight fallacies in Bloom’s taxonomy. Philosophy of Education,
36, 269-273.
3. Ennis, R. H., & Millman, J. (1985a). Cornell critical thinking test, Level X. Pacific
Grove, CA: Midwest.
4. Ennis, R. H., & Millman, J. (1985b). Cornell critical thinking test, Level Z. Pacific
Grove, CA: Midwest.
35
36. 貳、參考文獻格式
Exercises Part III (期刊):
1. 林生傳(1995)。我國公立高中升學率分配之成因與預測。
教育研究資訊,3(2),57-84。
2. Anderson, J., Lee, C., & Yang, Y.-T. C. (1995). Literacy
teachers learning a new literacy: A study of the use of
electronic mail in a reading education class. Reading
Research and Instruction, 34(3), 222-238.
36
37. 貳、參考文獻格式
Exercises Part IV (書籍 ):
1. 賈馥茗、王文科、謝水南、裘友善、黃坤生、張玉成
(1981)。教育與人格發展。台南市:復文。
2. Dillon, J. T. (1988). Questioning and teaching: A manual of
practice. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
37
38. 貳、參考文獻格式
Exercises Part V (文集中論文與書籍 ):
1. 吳清山(2002)。國民小學行政組織再造之研究。載於潘慧玲
(主編),教育改革的未來(頁35-79)。台北市:高等教育。
2. Boehrer, J., & Linsky, M. (1990). Teaching with cases: Learning to
question. In M. D. Svinicki & M. Linsky (Eds.), The changing face
of college teaching (pp. 41-57). Washington, DC: Jossey-Bass.
38
39. 貳、參考文獻格式
Exercises Part VI (學位論文):
1. 楊美珍(1998)。國中生參與評鑑數學教師教學知能之可能性。國
立彰化師範大學科學教育研究所碩士論文。中華博碩士論文摘要,
98N5076。
2. Yang, Y.-T. C. (2002). Use of structured Web-based bulletin board
discussions with Socratic questioning to enhance student learning
and critical thinking in distance education (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation or master’s thesis). Purdue University, West Lafayette,
IN.
39
40. 貳、參考文獻格式
專門及研究報告:
Edelson, P. J. (1998). The organization of courses via the
Internet, academic aspects, interaction, evaluation, and
accreditation. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.
ED421644)
Osgood, D. W., & Wilson, J. K. (1990). Covariation of adolescent
health problems. Lincoln: University of Nebraska. (NTIS No. PB
91-154377/AS)
潘慧玲(2000)。學校革新整合型計畫(一)。(國科會專案報
告,計畫編號:NSC87-2413-H-003-005) 40