2. Definition of Outcomes
• Traditionally - the end result of a process,
treatment, or intervention.
• Healthcare - the responses, behaviors,
feelings, or results of care
provided.
Kleinpell, 2003
3. Classification of Outcomes
TYPE TIME
Care-related
Patient-related
Performance-related
Short-term
Intermediate
Long-term
Schmidt & Brown, 2015
4. Positive Outcomes (PCOR)
Patients
• Incorporate a wide variety of settings and
diversity of participants to address
individual differences and barriers to
implementation and dissemination
• Include individual’s preferences, autonomy
and needs, focusing on outcomes that
people notice and care about such as
survival, function, symptoms, and health-
related quality of life
• Assess the benefits and harms of
preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic, and
palliative measures, or health delivery
system
Healthcare professionals
• Help people and their caregivers
communicate and make informed health
care decisions
• Ensure diagnostic sand treatments are
based on evidence-based practice
• Continually improve and adapt practice
to obtain desired patient outcomes
• Identify processes that need
improvement and ultimately ensure that
quality outcomes and best practices are
achieved
5. Negative Outcomes
• When clinical research is sponsored by pharmaceutical companies, questions
concerning the validity of the research findings arise because of potential bias.
• Clinical research is increasingly sponsored by companies that make the
products
being studied. The companies either directly perform the studies, or fully or
partially fund them. Previous research has found that studies sponsored by
pharmaceutical industry tend to favor the sponsors’ drugs much more than studies
with any other sources of sponsorship. That suggests that industry-sponsored
studies are biased in favor of the sponsor’s products.
Lundh, Sismondo, Lexchin, Busuioc & Bero, 2012
6. Outcomes Measurement Steps
1. Determine the measures of interest
2. Gather necessary data
3. Aggregate and analyze the data
4. Interpret the results and subsequent actions
5. Make changes
6. Measure again to evaluate the effectiveness
Kleinpell, 2003
7.
8. Reference
• Kleinpell, R. M. (2003). Measuring advanced practice nursing outcomes: strategies
and resources. Critical Care Nurse, 6-9.
• Lundh, A., Sismondo, S., Lexchin, J., Busuioc, O., & Bero, L. (2012). Industry
sponsorship and research outcome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 20
(12). doi: 10.1002/14651858.MR000033.pub2
• Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Definition Revision: Response to Public Input
as of February 15, 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.pcori.org/news-release/pcori-
adopts-definition-patient-centered-outcomes-research
• Schmidt, N.A. and Brown, J.M. (2015). Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal
and application of research. Jones & Bartlett Learning. Burlington, MA.
