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Water chemistry for kindasa 1
- 2. The Inter-Islamic Network On Water Resources Development and Management Workshop in Egypt, & Water Chemistry & Treatment Presentation By Inaam Ahamad Khan Several International Organisation like WHO, EPA, AWWA, NSF, ASTM, SM etc. Information from Books & Cyberspace
- 5. This presentation is in two parts
- 6. • Foundation of Our Beautiful Planet • Foundation of Things Around Us • Essence Of Life • Pure in Nature is Rare and Not Good For Life • Our Planet Water Is Billions of Years Old
- 7. RAINBOWS
- 10. • White light is the full spectrum of rainbow colors • Red is absorbed first by seawater • Violet Blue or Green does not penetrate as other color • Due to some reasons you see different colors of the sea
- 12. Salt water In Oceans 2.14 % - glaciers 0.61 % - ground water 0.009 %- surface water (lakes and rivers) 0.005 % - soil moisture 0.001 %- water vapor in the atmosphere 97.23 %
- 14. Oceans (97 %) Salt water Ice Caps, Glaciers & Ground Water (2.9%) Lakes, Rivers, Atmosphere & Soil Moisture Water (0.014%) Fresh water
- 15. End users** 30.3 Rest of Industry 10.3 Rest of Manufacturing 6.1Services 16.4 Metal products 2.5 Industrial machinery 1.9 Office machines 0.7 Electrical goods 3.9 Agriculture 6.4 Textile & clothing 6.3 Construction 5.4 Automotive 5.3 Paper & printing products 4.5
- 16. Computer Chips 300 Steps 7570 Liter Tire 7850 Liter Car 14800 Liter One Egg 50 Liter One Chicken to Process 440 Liter One barrel of Crude oil refining 7010 Liter One person food to grow 6440 Liter
- 17. 20 40 billion The number of hours spent each year in Africa due to the need to collect and haul water Source: Blue Planet Run, Smolan, Erwitt 5.3 billion The number of people - two-thirds of the world's population - who will suffer from water shortages by 2025 1.1 billion The number of people worldwide - 1 in every 6 - without access to clean water 1.8 million The number of children who die each year from waterborne diseases - one every 15 seconds
- 19. Water Scarcity is a global problem today…
- 21. Inorganic substance – 1% Carbohydrate– 5% Fat– 10% Protein– 18% Water– 66%
- 26. The amount of water in the hydrologic cycle never change Its Quality Changes
- 29. • Foundation of All Other sciences, • Embraces All Other Sciences, • Simplify the Understanding of Universe • The Study of Properties and Changes in Matter
- 34. Our Atmosphere is Primarily Nitrogen N2 INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION NITROGEN MOLECULE
- 35. INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION NITROGEN MOLECULE Sunlight consists of all the colors of the rainbow. Of all these colors, the blue light interacts with nitrogen, The blue light is scattered by the Nitrogen,
- 36. What actually happens is that the outer electrons of the Nitrogen molecule absorb just the blue light,
- 38. Dust Particles
- 39. Dust Particles in the atmosphere selectively absorb the short wavelength radiation and allow the longer wavelength red, orange and yellow wave to pass through,
- 41. 25 of 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life on Earth Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen Four of the above make up 96%
- 43. Electron shell Nucleus Hydrogen (H) Helium (He) Orbit
- 49. Hydrogen Hydrogen Carbon-6 Hydrogen Hydrogen Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons or have taken or given electrons away.
- 51. H + Fe +++ Fe ++ Al +++ Ca ++ Na + HCO3 - Cl - OH - CO3 - - PO4 - - - NO3 - SO4 - - Forms water with hydroxide and acids with anions Forms bases with hydroxides and salts with anions Forms hardness compound, bases with hydroxides and salts with anions Forms acid with hydrogen and salts with metals Forms water with hydrogen and base with cations Sulphuric Acid CATIONS ANIONS H + SO4 - - Na + Cl - Mg ++ Forms base with hydroxide and soluble salts with anions H + Sodium Chloride
- 52. H2O
- 53. Hydrogen Hydrogen Oxygen Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons or have taken or given electrons away.
- 54. Specific heat– Resists changes in temperature Latent heat of fusion– Heat required to change liquid state Latent heat of vaporization– Heat released when Its evaporates Heat capacity highest of all liquids, Latent heat of fusion highest except ammonia, Thermal conductivity highest of all liquids, Thermal expansion max. at 40 C( increases with salinity) Surface tension highest of all liquids, Comparison to other compounds of similar structures ( H2Te, H2Se, H2S etc.)
- 55. Should freeze at – 1000C but it freezes at 00C Should boil at - 900C but it boils at 1000C Should have a density of 1.84 g/cm3 but the density is 1.0 g/cm3 The maximum density at 40C (which is ice) is less then liquid water, Comparison to other compounds of similar structures ( H2Te, H2Se, H2S etc.)
- 56. Cohesion and Adhesion– Keeps liquid molecules close Surface Tension– A thin skin forms on liquid upper layer (The inward force, or pull that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid) Diffusion– When solute is added it diffuses in liquid Osmosis– Diffusion of liquid across a permeable membrane from high concentration low concentration water Up-thrust– This upward force create Buoyancy
- 59. Cohesion and Adhesion– Keeps liquid molecules close
- 60. Dilute Solution More Concentrated Solution Diffusion & Osmosis is also very important for controlling the movement of materials into and out of the cell in our body and for interacting with the environment surrounding the body
- 61. Its five important properties • Physical Properties • Solvent Properties • Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect) • Density • Viscosity
- 62. A – Liquid Property 1 – Physical states B – Solid C – Gas Hydrogen Bond • Physical Properties • Solvent Properties • Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect) • Density • Viscosity
- 63. + - ++ + - - - - - - - + - + - 104.5° + - ++ + - - - - - - - + - + - 109° A – Liquid B – Solid C – Gas
- 64. Property 2 – Solvent Property • Physical Properties • Solvent Properties • Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect) • Density • Viscosity
- 66. Hydrogen Bond
- 67. Na+ Cl- O
- 68. Oil droplet
- 70. Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect) Water resist change in temperature,Thus water must gain or lose more heat for temperature to change High heat capacity makes water a good insulator to heat changes Latent heat of fusion is very high and latent heat of vaporization much greater than latent heat of fusion • Physical Properties • Solvent Properties • Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect) • Density • Viscosity
- 71. Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect) Significance Dissolved oxygen content in water Physiological processes in bodies Bio-organism Safety Density implications This prevents blood of animals & water in plant tissue to stay as liquid and not freeze in winter This means water does not freeze and does not evaporates easily
- 72. A never reachable scenario – salt water never completely freezes. Hence has no freezing point. Freshwater does though. This would mean that as more ice forms in the ocean, the ocean gets more concentrated with salt. Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
- 73. Ice Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
- 74. Water Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
- 75. Water Hot Water Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
- 76. Steam Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
- 80. Property 4– Density ? Density changes with temperature and Purity of substance mass (g) Density (ρ) = --------------------- volume (cm3) density of substance Relative Density = ---------------------------- density of water • Physical Properties • Solvent Properties • Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect) • Density • Viscosity
- 81. Substance Mass (g) Volume (cm3) Density (g/cm3) Wood 10 20.00 0.50 Ice 10 10.90 0.92 Water 10 10.00 1.00 Aluminum 10 3.70 2.70 Lead 10 0.88 11.00 Property 4– Density ?
- 82. • The sea has greater depths than the highest peaks on land. • The Marianas Trench is 11.04 km deep! • Mt Everest is about 9 km high
- 83. Property 5– Viscosity Water is more viscous than air Mango juice and syrup is more viscous than water Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid and water is 800 times more viscous than air Again hydrogen bonds plays an important role in viscosity of water Physical Properties Solvent Properties Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect) Density Viscosity
- 84. Bulky animals Having difficulty in swimming through colder, more viscous waters Migration of whales seasonally A 200C Decrease in temperature doubles the viscosity Shape of animals & plants