The Codex of Business Writing Software for Real-World Solutions 2.pptx
DTURevolutionist2013
1. An Approach to Improve
Indian Sanitation
Team Details:
Deepali Kansal(Team Coordinator)
Shashank Gupta
Vikrant Yadav
Joginder Pratap Singh
Vibhav Jain
1
2. Current Strategy (1999-2012) : TSC-Total
sanitation campaign
India aims to meet UN Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving the proportion of people with
inadequate sanitation from 2000 levels
Failures
Lack of capacity to implement a demand-driven approach
Regular real time monitoring not available
Incentives for BPL households break community spirit
leading to neglect of APL & other backward communities
Inadequate focus on hygiene promotion and SLWM
Lack of Coordination with related departments like health,
education, women
Salient Features
Build about 57 million individual household sanitary
latrines (IHHLs)only for Below Poverty Line (BPL) households
Offers fiscal incentives in the form of a cash prize to local
governments that achieve 100% open defecation free (ODF)
status
Total funding from the centre and state tunes to Rs.
14600 crore as per the 12th 5 year plan
An estimated 55% of all Indians close to 600 million people still do not have access to
any kind of toilet!BUT
2
3. Health Impacts Social Impacts
Economic
Impacts
Environmental
Impact
•Productivity losses
•Expenditures due to illness and
mortality,medicines, health care and
funerals
•Water treatment costs
•Losses in fisheries
•Productivity Losses
•Loss in tourism
•6.4% of GDP spent on sanitation
related problems
•Only 27% of Indian waste water
Is being treated
•¾ of India’s surface water
resources are polluted-80% of the
pollution is due to sewage alone
•Value of land being affected if sanitary
conditions are not acceptable
•Outdoor air quality is also known to be
affected
•Diarrhoeal diseases, acute respiratory
infections
•1/5th of all deaths among Indian children
under 5 years due to inadequate sanitation
•Rampant worm infestation and repeated
diarrhoea result in widespread childhood
malnutrition
•Cancer causing arsenic and fluoride
found in the contaminated
groundwater
•700k manual scavengers still make their living
this way
•SC/STs suffer from poor household sanitation.
•30 % of marginalised women travel long distances
to access public facilities are sexually assaulted
•Lack of privacy & bath in open spaces
•HighGirl school drop out rates -almost 25%
•Skin diseases contracted during menstruation
leading to expensive treatment
In rural areas, 74% of the rural population still DEFECATES in the open!
ADVERSE IMPACTS OF POOR SANITATION
3
4. SOLUTION:
OBA-OUTPUT BASED AID
OBA is a results-based financing mechanism
under which service provision is contracted to
a third party, usually a private sector operator,
and subsidies are paid to the provider after the
delivery of specific outputs.
FEATURES OF OBA
•Subsidies at an efficient level
•Designed as case-by-case basis keeping
sustainability in mind
• Projects continually monitored & improved upon.
•Results focused-all stakeholders have strong incentives
to deliver service
Subsidy
OBA vs. Traditional AidOBA SUCCESSFUL MODELS
SENEGAL: Providing subsidies for on-site sanitation facilities in poor urban
areas, led to the construction of 63k new on-site sanitation facilities in a
demand-driven manner, benefiting more than 4 lakh people b/w 2002 -08
PRODES program in Brazil: Utilities get a subsidy if wastewater gets
treated; Giving incentives to connect new customer as this would increase
the overall amount of wastewater that arrives in the treatment plant
Subsidy Fund
Financial
intermediary
Contracting
authority
Service
provider
Output Delivered =
connection installed ,
services delivered
Targeted beneficiaries
Not yet connected
Aid Donor
SubsidyPre-finance
Independent
Verification
Agent
Proposed OBA Structure
Inputs
Service
Provider
Service
Beneficiary
Inputs
Service
Provider
Service
Beneficiary
Public
Finance
Aid
Donor
4
5. DESIGN
Challenges
SP Selection
Who?
•Private Enterprise
•NGOs/CBOs
•Public Utilities
How?
The amount of risk that can
be shifted to SPs depends on
their ability to pre-finance
outputs:
PREFINANCING :
•Micro-finance Institutions
• Financial institute like WDCO, National Bank of
Agriculture and Rural Development
• Micro credits from NGOs
•Backward region grant fund by Panchayati Raj Ministry
•Split the SP’s remuneration between an up-front payment
(block grant) &performance-based payment
•Package services to attract larger Operators
•Identify alternative financing sources:
Cross-subsidies from other users /services
Direct contributions from sectors benefiting from improved
sanitation (e.g. hotels)
Revenue generated from re-use
OBA Related Challenges
? SPs may not have the necessary business and management
skills to meet reporting and performance verification
requirements
Sol. Provide business support services and assistance
to formalize the services
? The viability of the schemes may be in question
once the initial source of subsidy, provided within
a pilot OBA scheme stops
Sol. Set-up a domestic OBA sanitation facility in the
form of a “challenge fund”‖ with a secure source
of subsidies to provide ongoing subsidies
Reconnaissance: Transact &Social Mapping
•Transact mapping -location and distribution of resources, landscape
•Social (sketch) mapping -village’s layout, infrastructure,
demography, health patterns, sanitation details.
17%
Others
47%
Competi
tive
Bidding
23%
Increme
nt
Provider
13%
Multiple
SPs
Incumbent SPs have good
knowledge of the service area &can rely on existing cash-
flows
Human Personal
Social Nature
Physical Financial
5
6. Construction +
Operation &
Management
Service
Provider
Community
Toilets(2)
Biogas &Bio-
fertiliser
Plant(3)
IEC group
(Demand Creation
&Promotion)
Demonstration Toilets
Latrine Workshops
Corpus Fund
Collection(1)
Distribution of
Wealth Cards
•Beneficial in places with
no sewerage connection
•Reduces construction
cost of sewers,water
point etc
•Easy maintenance
•Tackling the Disposal issue
•Recycling reuse of waste-
source of manure/fertiliser
•Biogas-a renewable fuel
100% ODF Status
Employment to
community members
Subsidised Manure/
Fertiliser to Farmers
Integration with
MGNREGA Scheme
(1) Co-financing projects by Communities :
Determine Overall Ranking based on Transact & Social Mapping(discussed in slide-5)
Distribution of SEWA CARD i.e.
•Green Card-Poor households
•Violet Card-Women,Disabled,Elderly ,Minorities
•Red card-Rich households
Raising of “Corpus fund” –a pool of community resources
(2)Community Toilet Technology:
•The toilet is kept clean for 24 hours of the day
•With bathing, laundry and urinal facilities
•Type of LATRINES:
•Ventilated Improved Pit latrine
•Pit latrine with slab/covered latrine
•Traditional Pit latrine without slab/open pit
•Hanging toilet
•Bucket latrine
•Existing model-Sulabh shauchalaya
complexes
(3)Excreta-based Biogas & Biofertilizer
Technology:
•Building Biogas plant in conjuction with the
community toilet
•Source of renewable fuel for cooking and
electricity generation+manure
•This lacks in septic tank system(currently
used)
An acid test for the
community members to
see if the can set their
differences apart &
work together
MODEL OF FUNCTIONING of SERVICE PROVIDER
6
7. SOURCE/AID DONOR:
•World Bank and the Global Partnership on
Output-Based Aid (GPOBA),a multi-donor
facility -pilots the use of OBA financing
•Government of India budget allocation
•PPP-Public-Private-Partnership
TYPES OF SUBSIDY:
•One off subsidy: Given only after target is achieved
•Transitional Subsidy: Fill the gap between the user
ability/willingness to pay & tariff cost recovery
•On-going subsidy: When the gap is continuous
DISBURSEMENT TRIGGER:
•Subsidies should be given at
certain fixed intervals and not in
lumpsum to increase risk transfer
to the SP. Graph shows a
proposed model of the
disbursement plan:
Advantages of OBA: Increased Transparency, Accountability,Increased Engagement of private sector capital & expertise ,
Encouraging Innovation & Efficiency by leaving the service , Increased Sustainability of public funding
SUBSIDYEXPLICIT TARGETING
MECHANISM of
Subsidies:
•Geographic Targeting-
Intended beneficiaries
concentrated in certain
geographical areas
•Proxy Means tested
Targeting-
Assessing wealth & social
indicators
•Community based
Targeting-
Collaboration with the local
community
7
8. What makes OBA Approach SUPERIOR:
Monitoring &Impact Evaluation(M&E)
EVIDENCE BASED IMIS-Real Time Monitoring
Objective: To check where the facilities that have been created are being optimally utilized or not.
PERFORMANCE REPORT
Issue Output indicators
Coverage area Area to which facilities are catering to and whether the targeted area is having easy
reach to the facilities
Demand promotion Number of households using community latrine following demand promotion and
no of communities becoming open-defecation free
Utilization Extent to which staff & equipment capacity has been utilised
Interventions Interventions that have been happening under the project. Eg-Installation of new
equipment
Environmental impact Impact on the catchment area, pollution; Attractiveness of the area to the residents
Impact on staff and
clients
Views of implementation & management e.g. what advantages and disadvantages
people of a reformed facility are having
Treatment Volume of waste collected and treated to required standard
Disposal Volume of productive agricultural input generated &sold to farmers or gas created
Special needs Requirement of special facilities to be created. E.g. Toilets for disabled
Model of Output Indicators to Trigger OBA Subsidies
8
9. Awareness
Accountability&
Sustainability
Transparency
People’s
participation
Communication Strategy
•Campaigning to “change
mindset of people”
•Focus on active involvement
of marginalized groups like
SC, STs, women and
minorities
•Dealing with bridging the
digital divide, gender divide
and knowledge divide
Training for construction of
toilets may be organized for
beneficiaries, members of
Women's Self Help Groups
,Youth Groups & Masons
•Door to door campaign
•Sanitation and Health Padyatras
•Street theatre &plays, folk songs
•Development of IEC materials like
hoardings, banners, posters, to be
displayed on ,Schools,Anganwadis,
Railway stations, Primary Health
Centres, Post office and PRI offices
Construction of toiletsAssessing People's Perception
OUTCOME: Demand Promotion + Generation + Sustainable Behaviour Change
What makes OBA Approach SUPERIOR:
Information Education & Communication (IEC) Strategy
9
10. GP
Block
District
State
Central
Ministry of Drinking Water
& Sanitation( MoDWS )
•NRDWP-National Rural Drinking Water
Program
•Officers of Women and Child Development,
Health & Education
•Make part of the existing schemes:
National Rural Health Mission
Bharat Nirman Scheme
•NGOS & CBOS
•PHED-Public Health & Education Department
•DWSM-District Water and Sanitation
Mission(District Sanitation Cell)
•District Support unit
•SWSM-State Water and Sanitation Mission
•WSSO-Water Sanitation & Support Organisation
•Communication & Capacity Development Unit
(CCDU)
•KRC-Key Resource Center
•Village Water and Sanitation
Committee
Community Volunteers
•SHGs, Anganwadi workers
•BRC-Block Resource Center
•Block Support Unit
CONVERGENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS for IEC & M&E
External Agencies - WHO, World Bank, Water Sanitation Portal, Indian Sanitation Portal, UNICEF, Multiple
Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)
Coordination & Integration with
Existing Institutions is
required due to :
•Budget constraint
•Precious time lost in setting up
new infrastructure
•Better Awareness
about the issues/problems of
the beneficiaries
Pre-existing data & Surveys:
•National Sample Survey
•Demographic and Health
Survey
•Multiple Indicator Cluster
Survey
•National Census
•National Sample Survey 2002
•World Health Survey
•Study on global Aging & Adult
health, WHO
10
11. The Table below gives the Percentage share of the allocation for different components of
an OBA Project-Aid donor share & beneficiary contribution towards each component. In the case of Union
Territories, the State share under the OBA will be borne by the Govt. of India.
TSC Component-Wise earmarking and funding pattern
S.NO. Component
Amount earmarked as percent
of the OBA project outlay
Contribution (%)
AID DONOR
Beneficiary/
Community
1.
IEC & StartUp Activity
including Motivational
Awareness & Educative
Campaigns, Advocacy etc.
Up to 25%
100 0
2. Community Toilet Up to 20% 80 20
3.
Excreta-based Biogas & Bio-
fertilizer Technology:
Up to 20% 80 20
4.
Administrative charges
including training, staff,
support services
Less than 5% 100 0
5. Monitoring & Evaluation
Up to 20% 100 0
6. Miscellaneous Expenses Up to 10% 100 0
Proposed Project Funding
11
