The role of ontologies in machine-machine communication

The role of
Ontologies in
Machine-Machine
communication
A. Gómez-Pérez
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
asun@fi.upm.es
Acknowledgements:

A. Gómez-Pérez. The Role of Ontologies in Machine – Machine Communication SLATE-2015 18th June 2015
License
• This work is licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution – Non Commercial – Share Alike License
• You are free:
- to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work
- to Remix — to adapt the work
• Under the following conditions
- Attribution — You must attribute the work by inserting
• “[source http://www.oeg-upm.net/]” at the footer of each
reused slide
• a credits slide stating: “The role of Ontologies in
Machine-Machine communication” by A. Gómez-Pérez ”
- Non-commercial
- Share-Alike
2

A world of digital data
Heterogeneous
Formats
Providers
Domains Languages
Licenses

Towards a machine-machine shared understanding
4
Ontologies
Knowledge
level
Data level Linked data

Scenario
“Barrio de las
Letras”
“Cervantes“
“Lope de Vega
“Transport public
services”
“Accessibility
constraints”
“Games D.
Quijote”

Data distributed …
6

… in heterogeneous formats …
In boards
7
The Web (Human
readable format)
The Web (Human & Machine
readable formats)
Web Services
As Web files ( (XML, HTML, CSV,
etc.)

The problem: lack of interoperability
Publish
Extract
Publish
Extract
Publish
Extract
I want to publish data in an
interoperable structure and
format
I use GTFS
I use my own CSV structure I provide a web service
Build an app that is
available all over the
world
8

USE URIs + RDF
José
Twin Stroller
Boardgames
API
Mirasierra
Ventisquero de
la Condesa
Yes
CSV
Mega Games
Ventisquero de
la Condesa
Yes
CSV
Mega Games
D.Quijote
Game
MG
29,95
HTM
L
José
Mobility
Impairment
hasImpairment
twin stroller
requires
Boardgame
likes
Mirasierra
address
Ventisquero de
la Condesa
AccesoSillaR
uedas
hasAccessibility
Mega
Games
address
hasAccessibilityWheelchairAcce
ssibility
Ventisquero de la
Condesa
Mega
Games
D. Qujijote
Game
is a
Boardgame
sells
API RDF CSV RDF CSV RDF HTML RDF

Link your multilingual models and data
José
Tween Stroller
Boardgames
Mirasierra
Ventisquero de
la Condesa
Yes
Mega Games
Ventisquero de
la Condesa
Yes
Mega Games
D. Quijote
game
MG
29,95
API CSV CSV
HTM
L
José
Mobility
Impairment
hasImpairment
Tween
Stroller
requires
Boardgame
likes
Mirasierra
address
Ventisquero de
la Condesa
Acceso
SillaRuedas
Mega
Games
address
hasAccessibilityWheelchairA
ccessibility
Mega
Games
D. Quijote
Game
is a
hasAccessibility
Boardgame
Ventisquero de
la Condesa
sells
API RDF CSV RDF CSV RDF
HTM
L
RDF
Language mismatch
Conceptual mismatch

Ontologies help ..
11
Impairments
Subclass of
Subclass of
Subclass of WheelchairA
ccessibility
AccesoSillad
eRuedas
Equivalent Terms
Equivalent classes if
Mobility constraints

WheelchairA
ccessibility
Ventisquero de
la Condesa
Boardgame
Link your models and data
José
Tween Stroller
Boardgames
Mirasierra
Ventisquero de
la Condesa
Yes
Mega Games
Ventisquero de
la Condesa
Yes
Mega Games
D. Quijote
Game
MG
29,95
API CSV CSV
HTM
L
José
Mobility
Impairment
hasImpairment
Tween
Stroller
requires
Boardgame
likes
Mirasierra
address
Ventisquero de
la Condesa
hasAccessibility Acceso
SillaRuedas
Mega
Games
address
Ventisquero de
la Condesa
hasAccessibilityWheelchairA
ccessibility
Mega
Games
sells
D. Quijote
GAme
is a
Boardgame
API RDF CSV RDF CSV RDF
HTM
L
RDF
Equivalent classes if
Mobility constraints

Make complex queries
Where can I buy the Don
Quijote game?
Which are the most
accessible routes for Visiting
the Barrio de las Letras?
Expansion pack for D.Quijote game
Take metro line 9 and in 35 minutes we can demo it
to you!
Or better take bus 231 because it is sunny
and you can take a glance at the outdoor art
exhibition in Plaza de Castilla
MG

A. Gómez-Pérez. . The Role of Ontologies in Machine – Machine Communication SLATE-2015 18th June 2015
Challenges
1. Building shared models (Ontologies)
2. Aggregating data from different formats and
sources (Linked data)
3. Dealing with licenses (Licensed ontologies and LD)
4. Solving multilingualism problems (Multilingual
Ontologies and Linguistic Linked Data)
5. The process and uses
14

A. Gómez-Pérez. . The Role of Ontologies in Machine – Machine Communication SLATE-2015 18th June 2015
Challenges
1. Building shared models (Ontologies)
2. Aggregating data from different formats and
sources (Linked data)
3. Dealing with licenses (Licensed ontologies and LD)
4. Solving multilingualism problems (Multilingual
Ontologies and Linguistic Linked Data)
5. The process and uses
15

Challenge1:
Building Ontologies

Definition of Ontology
“An ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization”
Studer, Benjamins, Fensel. Knowledge Engineering: Principles and Methods. Data and Knowledge Engineering. 25 (1998) 161-197
Abstract model and
simplified view of some
phenomenon in the world
that we want to represent
Machine-readable
Concepts, properties
relations, functions,
constraints, axioms,
are explicitly defined
Consensual
Knowledge
Ontologías

Ontologies: Model and Data
• An ontology:
- Provides terms in a particular domain
• Implemented in OWL or RDF(S)
• Tools: Protégé; NeOn, ....
Ontology
Instances
Knowledge
Level
Data Level
Concepts
Taxonomies
Relations
Attributes
Axioms
Instances of concepts
Instances of relations
Instances of attributes

A. Gómez-Pérez. The Role of Ontologies in Machine – Machine Communication SLATE-2015 18th June 2015 19
Ontologies to be understood by humans
SIOC Ontology

Ontologies for machines: Foundations
Unique identifiers: URI
identify or name a resource
RDF(S) models
El QuijoteCervantes
Is creator of
WorkPerson
Is creator of
Is a Is a
http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1718747 http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX3383563
http://datos.bne.es/def/C1005 http://datos.bne.es/def/C1001

Foundations: Linking classes
Models alignment using Owl EquivalentClass
Place of birth
EquivalentClass
Municipality
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Municipalities_of_Spain http://geo.linkeddata.es/ontology/Municipio
Municipio
Same As
http://dbpedia.org/page/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares
Alcalá de Henares
Is a
http://geo.linkeddata.es/resource/Alcalá de Henares
Alcalá de Henares
IS A
http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/PersonPerson
http://schema.org/PersonPerson
EquivalentClass
Person
http://datos.bne.es/def/C1005

The model (Ontology) and the data for humans
22
Work
Idiom
translation
Year
Publication date
Library
Located at
Person
Is creator of
Has subject
El Quijote Cervantes
Is creator of
Catalán
translation
1960
Publication date
BNE
Located in
Has subject
Vida de Cervantes
Ontology
Data
birthPlace
Place
birthPlace
Alcalá de Henares

http://iflastandards.info/ns/fr/frbr/frbrer/C1001
translation
Año
Publication date
http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Organization
Located in
Is creator of
Has subject
Es autor
http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1924295
translation
1960
Publication date
BNE
Located in
Has subject
http://datos.bne.es/resource/bimo0002045496
Vida de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra
Don Quijote de la Mancha
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de
Catalán
Ontology
Datahttp://datos.bne.es/#
Language
work
Biblioteca
Person
http://geo.linkeddata.es/ontology/Municipio
birthPlace
http://geo.linkeddata.es/resource/Alcalá de Henares
birthPlace
The model and the data for Machines

Key aspects of Ontological Engineering
• The model
- Single versus network of
ontologies?
- built from scratch or reusing
knowledge-aware resources?
- Are mappings used for
solving conceptual
mistmaches?
Instances
• Where are the data/instances?
• Are instances distributed or centralized?
• Have instances a very high rate of changes?
• Heterogeneous provenance of instances
• Degrees of data quality
• Permissions

Ontology development
Reuse
Linked Open Vocabularies

Challenge 2:
Linked Data

Linked Data: why it is important?
• Facilitate data integration
- From heterogeous sources
- In different formats
- Different granularity
- In different languages
- From different countries
© Slide adapted from “5min Introduction to Linked Data”- Olaf Hartig

LD domains in August 2014
Media
Geographic
Life Sciences
PublicationsGoverment
Social
Networking
Cross-domains
User Generated
Content Linguistics

Data for machines: Foundations
Unique identifiers: URI
identify or name a resource
RDF(S) models
El QuijoteCervantes
Is creator of
WorkPerson
Is creator of
Is a Is a
http://datos.bne.es/def/C1005 http://datos.bne.es/def/C1001
Equivalence links to other datasets
Same As
http://viaf.org/viaf/17220427
Cervantes
Same AsSame As
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Miguel_de_Cervantes
Cervantes
Data navigation

Linked Data without ontologies
http://www.server1.org/resource/Cervantes
http://www.server2.es/resource/Cervantes
http://d-nb.info/gnd/11851993X
http://geo.linkeddata.es/page/resource/Municipio/Cervantes
Same as
Same as
Same as
Same as
URI
URI
URI
URI
URI
914 296 093
276,4 km²
Phone
Size
1547
#People
1547
Date of Birth
Author
D. Quijote
Cervantes
(person)

Linked Data and ontologies
http://www.server1.org/resource/Cervantes
http://www.server2.es/resource/Cervantes
http://d-nb.info/gnd/11851993X
http://geo.linkeddata.es/page/resource/Municipio/Cervantes
Same as
Person
rdf:type
rdf:type
Retaurant
rdf:type
Street
rdf:type
Municipality
rdf:type
URI
URI
URI
URI
URI
1547
Date of Birth
Author
D. Quijote
Cervantes
(Person)
Asunción Gómez-Pérez W3C @ Spain – 2013 Madrid, 18th December

Linked Data allows uniform access
1. Agree on Ontologies for describing
metadata and domain data
2. Unified and standardized language
for describing resources ( RDF(S))
3. Unified and standardized query
language (SPARQL)
4. Standardized non-proprietary APIs
5. Links to other resources

Challenge 3:
Licensed Ontologies
and Data

Licenses in practice
Linked Open Data
and Open
Vocabularies
Published
Open License
(Published) Linked
Ontologies and
Vocabularies
Published
No Open License
Linked Data
Not Published
No Open License
34

Create, consume, aggregate,
derive and publish Linked
Vocabularies and Data in a
lawful environment
0
Always license your ontologies and data
…
Data shops Government Vocabularies
35

Representing licensing information
How do we represent license information?

Linked Licensed Data

Licensing Ontologies and Data is Simple…
The British National Bibliography (BNB) lists the books
and new journal titles published or distributed in the
United Kingdom and Ireland since 1950.

38

… or complex depending your needs
Policies can be expressed with ODRL 2.0 to govern access to Linked Data
Example of access to Linked Data for a price (15EUR for the dataset or 0.01EUR for a triple
thereof) @prefix gr: <http://purl.org/goodrelations/> .
@prefix dcat: <http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#> .
<http://salonica.dia.fi.upm.es/ldr/policy/cdaddba4-fc2e-4ee0-a784-e62f1db259bf>
a odrl:Set ;
rdfs:label "License Offering Paid Linked Data" ;
odrl:permission [ a odrl:Permission ;
odrl:target <http://example.org/dataset/ds01> ;
odrl:action odrl:reproduce ;
odrl:duty [ a odrl:Duty ;
rdfs:label "Pay" ;
gr:UnitOfMeasurement dcat:Dataset ;
gr:amountOfThisGood "1" ;
odrl:action odrl:pay ;
odrl:target "15,00 EUR"
]
] , [ a odrl:Permission ;
odrl:action odrl:reproduce ;
odrl:target <http://example.org/dataset/ds01> ;
odrl:duty [ a odrl:Duty ;
rdfs:label "Pay" ;
gr:UnitOfMeasurement rdf:Statement ;
gr:amountOfThisGood "1" ;
odrl:action odrl:pay ;
odrl:target "0,01 EUR"
]
] ..
The target can be an ontology, a
dataset, a SPARQL endpoint…
…or a SPARQL query itself or a triple
pattern: {mysubject, ?p , ?o}
http://conditional.linkeddata.es

Challenge 4:
Multilingual
Ontologies and
Linked Data

Cross-lingual linking
Cross-lingual Mapping
Multilingualism and ontology models
Ontology Localization
algorithms
Multilingual Labelling
approach

A. Gómez-Pérez. The Role of Ontologies in Machine – Machine Communication SLATE-2015 18th June 2015*Picture attribution: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Gugerell
“Red”
Etimologiy Del latin “rete”
Gender: “f”
Definition.: “Conjunto de
ordenadores o de equipos
informáticos conectados entre
sí….”
“Red”
Sinonyms: “sistema”, “malla”,” distribución”
“Red”
Norm: UNE 21302-131
English: network
German: Netzwerk
“Red”
Pronunciation: [red]
Grammar category: sustantivo femenino
Singular: “red”
Plural: “redes”
“Red_de_computadores”
Category: redes informáticas
Image
The need: interconnected multilingual data
“Red”
(computer
network)Complementary
resources but not
connected

LD allows linguistic data integration
Red
Phonetic form
Form
number
singular
[RED]
Form
plural
[REDES]
Phonetic form
number
Red
Sense
written form
“red”
Sense
written form
“malla”
equivalent
Red
image
Red
Sense Sense
translation
es - en
written form
“red” “network”
written form
Red
written form
Form
gender
femenine
“red”

Linguistic Linked Licensed Data
3LD
Linguistic Linked Licensed Data
Language resources
such as:
- Lexica
- Corpora
- Dictionaries ..
NIF
NLP Interchange Format
Using RDF and
standard data
models
(vocabularies):
- Lexica
- Corpora
ODRL
Open Digital Rights Language
Published along with
a machine-readable
license

Linguistic Linked Data Cloud
Linguistic Linked Data Cloud
 Subset of LOD
 Linguistic domain
 Many type of resources
 Interconnected with other LR
 Enables the lexicalization of data on the web, not
necessarily data in the LD format
 Enables a new generation of LD-aware NLP and MT
Services

Lexicalizing ontologies and data
LLD
How many Linguistic Resources are exposed in RDF?

Methods and Tools

Linked Data life cycle
Specification
Modelling
GenerationPublication
Exploitation
Linking
49

Metadata and data Integration
Metadata Generation
Data Generation
Data Integration
Users
Metadata Integration
Public Resources Private Resources
Geo Web 2.0Library
Diverse
formats
Sensor LDPMorph
shp2RDF
Geometry2RDF Marimba SPARQL-Stream Sem4Tags LDP4j

Linked Data Applications
51Ontology Engineering Group
Culture (@BNE) Geograhical (@IGN) Metereological (@AEMET)
News and Media (@ Prisa, RTVE) Internet of Things ( @ CRTM, Bike sharing system)
Smart Cities and Open Data (@ Zaragoza, Gob Aragón, Jacathon, Catalogues)
Host of esDBpedia

Uses

Uses of Linked Data
1. Programmers built
applications using
make queries in
SPARQL and get RDF
Culture
(@BNE)
Geograhical
(@IGN)
Metereological
(@AEMET)
Smart Cities
2. Citizens/Users access
LD through a user
interface (they do not
see RDF)
3. Machine – Machine
data exchange and
semantic
interoperability in RDF

The new Linked Data Ecosystem
Culture
(@BNE)
Geograhical
(@IGN)
Metereological
(@AEMET)
Smart Cities

Computers understand each other and do business
Ontologies

Thanks for your attention !
56

The role of ontologies in machine-machine communication

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Similaire à The role of ontologies in machine-machine communication

Similaire à The role of ontologies in machine-machine communication (20)

Plus de Facultad de Informática UCM

Plus de Facultad de Informática UCM (20)

Dernier

Dernier (20)

The role of ontologies in machine-machine communication