Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
UKPDS
1. UKPDS
OVMC LANDMARK TRIALS SERIES
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS). “Intensive
blood-glucose control with sulfonylureas or insulin
compared with conventional treatment and risk of
complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.”
Lancet. 1998; 352:837
2. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group
Summarized by: Maria Morkos, MD; Laxmi Suthar, MD
3. BACKGROUND
In patients with T1DM, good blood
glucose control can slow
microvascular complications
However, the effect of intense blood
glucose control on
micro/macrovascular complications
in T2DM is unknown
4. CLINICAL QUESTION
What are the effects on microvascular and
macrovascular complications in Type 2
diabetics when comparing intervention
with a sulfonylurea or insulin vs.
conventional treatment?
5. DESIGN
Randomized, multicenter: 23 hospitals in United Kingdom
Unblinded; computer-generated randomization
N= 3,867
Group 1: intensive treatment group
Group 2: conventional treatment group
Median follow-up: 10 years
Outcomes:
any diabetes-related endpoint (sudden death, death from hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia,
fatal/nonfatal MI, CHF, CVA, renal failure, amputation, retinopathy requiring photocoagulation,
cataract extraction, vitreous hemorrhage, or blindness)
diabetes-related death (death from MI, stroke, PVD, renal disease, hypo/hyperglycemia)
all cause mortality
6. POPULATION
Inclusion Criteria
Newly diagnosed T2DM
25-65 years old
Fasting glucose of >108
Exclusion Criteria
Patients with significant ketonuria
MI within previous year
Cr > 1.98 mg/dL
Current angina or HF
>1 major vascular event
Significant retinopathy
Malignant HTN
Other severe illness
7. INTERVENTIONS
Intensive therapy
Sulfonylurea or insulin with goal fasting glucose <110 mg/dL
Conventional therapy
Goal “asymptomatic DM” <270 mg/dL with diet modification
If further hyperglycemia occurred, would be secondarily
randomized to SU or insulin
8. RESULTS
No difference between intensive (SU or insulin) and conventional treatment groups in
any of the endpoints
Diabetes-related mortality and all-cause mortality did not differ between the two arms
Median A1c was lower in the intensive vs conventional group (7% vs 7.9%)
Higher rates of hypoglycemic episodes were found in the intensive therapy arm
(especially in insulin subgroup)
9. CRITICISMS
Multiple crossovers
Done in newly diagnosed diabetics
Excluded participants that had significant medical history
Looked at only three sulfonylureas (chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, and
glipizide)
Insulin regimen unclear
Did not look at exercise as a lifestyle modification
10. BOTTOM LINE
In T2DM, intensive blood glucose
control (with SU or insulin) decreases
the risk of microvascular
complications but not macrovascular
complications.
11. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
What were the two arms of the UKPDS trial?
What were the inclusion criteria?
Did the two arms differ in any endpoints?
What was a major difference between the two arms?
12. DISCUSSION ANSWERS
What were the two arms of the UKPDS trial?
ANSWER: Intensive tx (SU or insulin) vs conventional tx (diet modification)
What were the inclusion criteria?
ANSWER: Newly diagnosed DM, age 25-65, fasting glucose of >108
Did the two arms differ in any endpoints/outlined outcomes?
ANSWER: No, there were no differences in macrovascular complications
What was a major difference between the two arms?
ANSWER: Hypoglycemia was increased in the intensive tx arm (also less
microvascular complications in the intensive tx arm)
13. BOARD-LIKE QUESTION
64 yo M with T2DM, stage 4 CKD is
evaluated for continued glycemic
management. He is followed closely by Renal
who is preparing him for HD, with initiation
of erythropoietin therapy within the last 3
months. His average fasting and preprandial
blood glucose values are 145-190. He does
not have hypoglycemia. His insulin regimen
consists of insulin detemir at bedtime and
insulin glulisine before meals. His most
recent A1c value decreased from 7.5% to
6.2%.
(Adapted from MKSAP)
QUESTION
Which of the following is the most
appropriate management for this patient’s
diabetes?
A. Continue current therapy
B. Decrease insulin detemir dose
C. Discontinue preprandial insulin glulisine
D. Measure postprandial glucose level
14. BOARD-LIKE QUESTION
Educational Objective:
Manage the limitations of hemoglobin A1c
measurements in a patient with diabetes
mellitus and CKD.
Key Point:
- A1c is not always reliable in certain states
- A1c an be falsely elevated in CKD b/c of
carbamylated Hb 2/2 uremia interfering
with some of the assays
- A1c an be falsely decreased in setting of
reduced erythrocyte span, iron deficiency,
blood transfusions, and increased
erythropoiesis with erythropoietin (like this
patient)
QUESTION
Which of the following is the most
appropriate management for this patient’s
diabetes?
A. Continue current therapy
B. Decrease insulin detemir dose
C. Discontinue preprandial insulin glulisine
D. Measure postprandial glucose level
15. REFERENCES
Intensive blood-glucose control with sulfonylureas or insulin compared
with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with
type 2 diabetes (1998). Lancet, 352:837.