This presentation shows the various mediums in arts, particularly visual arts. Painting, sculpture, and architecture are the primary visual arts that the roots and origins can be traced for more than many centuries ago.

1. CHAPTER III
Development of Visual Arts
Mediums of the Visual Arts
Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture

2. What is a MEDIUM?
• It refers to the materials which are used by an
artist.
• It is the means by which an artist
communicate his ideas.
• It is very essential to an art.

3. PAINTING
PAINTING
– A type of visual art that create meaningful effects
on a flat surface by the use of pigments.
• There are so many ways and materials that are
used in painting.
• The materials of the painter are pigments
applied to wet plaster, canvas, wood, or paper.

4. Mediums of Painting
• OIL
– The pigments are mixed in oil.
– It is the most familiar way of painting by the use of
oil in canvas.
– This method has been used since the 15th century.
• The pigments can come from any sources like
minerals, vegetable,coal tars, and other
chemical combinations.

5. Mediums of Painting
• There are 2 methods of painting in the oil:
– Direct Method
• The paints are opaque and are applied to the surface
just as they are to look in the finished product.
– Indirect Method
• The paint is applied in many thin layers of transparent
color.

8. Mediums of Painting
• TEMPERA
– It is a mixture of ground pigments and an
albuminous or colloidal vehicle, either egg, gum,
or glue.
– Essentially used by the Egyptians, Medieval, and
Renaissance painters.

11. Mediums of Painting
• Watercolor
– The pigments are mixed with water and applied to
fine white paper.
– The colors are applied in very thin layers.
– The paper is the most commonly used ground for
watercolor type of painting.

12. Mediums of Painting
• Pastel
– Pastel color possesses only surfaces of light, gives
no glazed effect and most closely resembles to dry
pigment.
– The pigment is bound so as to form a crayon
which is applied directly to the surface, usually a
paper.

15. Mediums of Painting
• Fresco
– Popular type of painting.
– The colors are mixed with water and applied to
fresh plaster which absorbs the color.
– Since the pigment has been incorporated with
plaster, it lasts until the wall is destroyed.
– It flourished during the 15th and 16th centuries
when Masaccio, Michelangelo, Raphael, Tintoretto
and others.

17. Mediums of Painting
• Acrylic
– A new type of medium and is used widely by
painters today.
– These are synthetic paints using acrylic emulsion
as binder.
– It is used by combining the transparency and
quick-drying qualities of water color and are as
flexible as oil.

18. Development of Painting
• Pre-Historic (40,000-
(9000 BC)
– Focused on animal spear
and other rudimentary
materials.
– Drawn on caves, stones
and on earth-filled
ground.
– Hunting, animals,
people.

20. Greek Art
• Formative/ Pre-Greek
period
– Motif was sea and
nature.
Fresco painting from Thera,
Greece (about 1600 BC)

21. Greek Art
• First Greek Period
– Largely Egyptian
Influence.

22. Mural in the Tomb of the Diver

23. Greek Art
• Golden Age (480-400
BC)

24. Greek Art
• Hellenistic Age (4th
century to 1st BC)
– Hellazein (to speak
greek/identify with the
greek)
– Identifed as the time of the
death of Alexander the
Great and the rise of the
Roman domination
– Heightened individualism,
tragic mood, and contorted
faces (lacaustic painting)

25. Detail from another Alexander mosaic, from about 100
BCE. (eta: It's thought to be based on a lost painting by the
Hellenistic artist Philoxenos of Eretria)

26. Subject matters of painting in Greece:
young wide males
draped females
wounded soldiers
scenes from everyday life

27. Roman Art
• Etruscan Period (2000-
1000 BC)
– Ancestor worship
– Catacombs
– sarchopage
• Roman period (2000-
400 BC)
– Commemorative statues
– Sarchopage
– Frescoes
– Designs with vine motifs

28. Etruscan Painting

29. Roman ARt
Still life in the
Second style.
Fresco from
the home of
Julia Felix,
Pompeii

30. Roman Art
Seated woman playing a
kithara: From Room H of the
Villa of P. Fannius Synistor at
Boscoreale, ca. 40–30 B.C.;
Late Republican Roman Wall
painting; Fresco

31. Roman Art

32. Medieval Period
• Early Christian Art
– Symbols; cross, fish, lamb, alpha and omega,
triumphal wreaths, grapes, doves, peacocks,
Christ, saints, virgin Mary, martyrs.
– Spiritual expression took precedence over physical
beauty and symbols were emphasized.

33. Early Christian Wall
Painting Mid 4th century
CE, Rome

34. Medieval Period
• Byzantine Art
– Christ as the Creator and Mary as the Mother of
God.

35. One of the most
admired Byzantine
paintings, the late 13th
century Virgin and Child

36. The Christ
Pantocrator in
the apse of the
Cefalù Cathedral
in Sicily (Italy),
ca. 1145-60.

37. Medieval Art
• Gothic Art
– Religious and grotesque
– More calmer style

38. Gothic Painting -
Duccio di Buoninsegna

39. Renaissance Art
• Early Renaissance( 14th -15th Century)
– Simplicity, gesture and expression
– Man and nature in fresco
• High Renaissance (16th century)
– Florence, Venice and Rome
– Deepening of pictorial space, sky is more dramatic with
dark clouds and flashes of light
– Da Vinci- chiaroscuro
– Michaelangelo- contrapuesto
• Mannerism Period
– Human figure with the use of oil painting
– Application of colors were sumptuous, warm and sensual

42. Baroque Art
• Style is ornate and fantastic appealing to the emotion, sensual and
highly decorative; with light and shadow for dramatic effect.
Rembrandt
van Rijn,
The
Anatomy
Lesson of Dr.
Tulp, 1632

43. Rococo Art
• Style is emphasized on voluptuousness, picturesque
and intimate presentation of farm and country.
Francois
Boucher, who
created
paintings and
designed
tapestries for
the French
royalty and
nobility. His
picture of the
Embarkation
for Cythera
(shown here)
demonstrates

44. Romantic Art
• Painting is
emphasized
on the
artist’s
reactions
from the
past events,
landscapes,
and people.
Don Manuel
Osorio de
Zuniga -
Francisco de
Goya

45. 19th Century Painting (Modern Art)
• Impressionists
– Paul Cezanne (greatest impressionist and Father of
Modern Art)
– Achievement of simplicity, brilliance and perfect
balance in art, brightness of colors and sense of
depth in art.

47. 19th Century Painting (Modern Art)
• Expressionist
– Vincent Van Gogh (Father of Expressionism)
– He used bright, pure colors mixed on the palette
but applied to the canvass in small dots or strokes
replying on the beholder’s eyes to see them
together.

49. SCULPTURE
• The art which represents beauty in bodily
form by means of figures entirely or partly in
the subject.

50. SCULPTURE
• In choosing a subject for sculpture, the most
important thing to consider is the material.
• Historically, earlier sculptures were made of
bone or wood. There were carved on marbles,
and tree trunks to make their subject/object.
• Two major sculpture process:
– SUBTRACTIVE
– ADDITIVE

51. SCULPTURE
• SUBTRACTIVE
– A process in which unwanted or excess material is
cut away.
• ADDITIVE
– a process in which the construction of figure is to
put together like the bits of clay, welding together
parts of metal.

52. Materials for Sculpture
• Stone and Bronze
• Wood
• Ivory
• Terra Cotta

54. Head of Ptolemy Soter

63. Development of Sculpture
• Prehistoric Sculpture
– Stones and woods
– Produce figures and images to commemorate
heroes and perpetuate memory of them.

64. Egyptian Sculpture
• First Dynastic Period
– 5,000 years ago
– Sun, moon, stars, sacred animals
– Decoration on tombs
– Statues started during this period

65. Egyptian Sculpture
The artistic canon for two (left, Narmer Palette) and
three dimensional art (right, statue of
Khasekhemwi) was established during the Early
Dynastic Period.

66. Egyptian Sculpture
• Old Kingdom Period
– Portrait sculpture was emphasized.
– Statues were wither single figure or family groups.
– Faces are emphasized as calm.

67. Statue of Memi and Sabu, Old Kingdom,
Dynasty 4, ca. 2575–2465 b.c..
King Sahure and a nome god, Old Kingdom,
Dynasty 5, reign of Sahure, ca. 2458–2446 b.c

68. Egyptian Sculpture
• Middle Kingdom Period
– Faces of statues depicted individual moods but
their bodies are rigid and straight in posture.
Middle Kingdom (2134–1690 BC)

69. Wooden grave statue of priestess Imertnebes
Middle Kingdom, 12th dynasty

70. Egyptian Sculpture
• New Kingdom Sculpture
– Figures were lifelike and vigorous looking.
– Figures were depicted in usual poses as walking,
dancing and bending.

71. Sphinx of Hatshepsut, New Kingdom, Dynasty
18, reign of Hatshepsut, ca. 1473–1458 B.C.

72. EGYPT SCULPTURE 2ND-1ST MILL.BCE
Anonymous couple. Wood statuette New
Kingdom,

73. Greek Sculpture
• Dedalic Period (Daedalic)
– Marble
– Nude male statues.
Daedalic sculpture: Greek ivory

74. The Lady of Auxerre (Κυρία της Ωξέρ), Daedalic
style, after the legendary Daedalus (the skillful
one)

75. Greek Sculpture
• Classical Age
– Referred as the Golden Age or the Age of Pericles.
– temples of gods and goddesses were adorned
with sculptured figure (young victors of Greek
games and athletic contests)
– Human body with all its beauty and splendor was
the emphasis.
– Male figures are fully naked, women are draped.

76. Discobolus

77. The Doryphoros (Greek Δορυφόρος,
"Spear-Bearer"; Latinized as
Doryphorus) is one of the best
known Greek sculptures of the
classical era in Western Art.

78. Greek Sculpture
• Later Greek Period
– Male and female figures were shown with very
little or no clothing at all.
Sculpture, Marble, Infant Dionysus

79. Venus de Milo (c.100 BCE) (Aphrodite of
Melos) Louvre, Paris. An icon of Hellenistic
sculpture.

80. Roman Sculpture
• It was more represented in bust forms of
famous men and women.
Head of Apollo, modeled on the Apollo
Belvedere (Marble, Roman copy of ca. 120-140
AD)

81. Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius Bust Sculpture
Emperor Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus,
known as Caligula

82. Byzantine Sculpture
• Early Byzantine Sculpture
– No statues on churches and basilicas
– Symbols and signs were mosaic.

83. Byzantine Sculpture
• Late Byzantine Sculpture
– Statues replaced the mosaic
– Biblical statues adorned the churches, basilicas,
and even homes
– Some were even covered with precious stones.

84. The Barberini ivory, a late
Leonid/Justinian Byzantine ivory

85. Romanesque Sculpture
• Subjects were biblical and human figures.
• Arches of churches were decorated with
patterns of zigzags and geometric designs.
Pórtico da Gloria,
Santiago Cathedral.

86. The creation and temptation of Adam and
Eve; Facade of the cathedral, Modena, Italy

87. Gothic Sculpture
• The statues were given with natural and life
like look both in bodies and facial expressions.
• Wore garments to give the impression of real
bodies and limbs.

88. Gothic sculpture, late 15th century, Amiens
Cathedral

89. Gothic depiction of
the Adoration of the
Magi from Strasbourg
Cathedral.

91. Renaissance Sculpture
• Early Renaissance Sculpture
– Great and detailed attention was given to
anatomical shapes, proportions and perspectives,
to indicate a more scientific attitude towards art.

92. AGOSTINO DI DUCCIO [Italian
Early Renaissance Sculptor,
1418-1481] Virgin and Child

93. Renaissance Sculpture
• Middle Renaissance Sculpture
– More secular than religious in nature by the end
of 15th century.
– Palaces were adorned with sculpture cast in
bronze.

94. Hercules and Anteus (c.1470) Museo
Nazionale, Florence.

95. Renaissance Sculpture
• Late Renaissance Sculpture
– Subject matter were focused on myths and
legends of Greece and Rome.

96. The Greatest Statue of
the High Renaissance
from Bernini: The
Rape of Persephone:
Hades

97. David; Michelangelo High Renaissance

98. Michelangelo, Sculpture

99. Baroque Sculpture
• 17th century
• Art subject were depicted beauty of the art
and the expression of emotion.
• Bernini and Gregorio Fernandez

100. Blessed Ludovica Albertoni; Gian Lorenzo Bernini

101. ESCULTURA BARROCA DE GREGORIO
FERNANDEZ

102. Rococo Sculpture
• Designed purely for ornamental purposes,
highly ornate and exquisite.
• Appeared largely in furniture, panels, vases,
and urns.

103. Jakob Gabriel Müller, gen. Mollinarolo
Apollo with the Medallion of Emperor
Josef II, 1764.

104. 19th Century Sculpture
• Neo-Classical Schools
– Depicted perfect human anatomy endowed with
calm, reflective look.
• Romantic-Realistic Schools
– Depicted realistic figures with psychological
attitudes of the French Revolution.

105. AUGUSTE RODIN (1840 -1917) THE
ETERNAL IDOL Circa 1890-1893

106. The Thinker, 1879-1889. Bronze

107. Architecture and Organization in
Architecture
• It is the art of designing structures.
• Originated from the Latin “architectura” and
ultimately from Greek “arkitekton” which
means Chief builder/master builder/ mason.
• It is both the process and the product of
planning, designing and constructing buildings
and other physical structures.

112. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
• A. Greek Architecture (16th and 2nd century
BC)
Has three periods:
CRETAN PERIOD
MYCENAEAN PERIOD
CLASSIC GREEK

114. CRETAN PERIOD ARCHITECTURE

115. MYCENAEAN PERIOD ARCHITECTURE

116. CLASSICAL GREEK ARCHITECTURE

119. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
• The first to used cement and bricks that
served as materials for architectural design.

120. Pantheon

121. Tuscan and Composite

122. C. Byzantine Architecture
• Architectural style that originated circa 4th-5th
century Byzantium.

123. D. Romanesque Architecture
• The term “romanesque” is used to describe
Western Christian Architecture of the 18th to
12th centuries.

124. E. Gothic Architecture
• Developed in France and in Western Europe
around 12th- 16th centuries.

125. F. Renaissance Architecture
• Made known around 15th-16th centuries

126. G. 19th Century Architecture

127. Philippine Architectural Designs

129. Modern Philippine Architectural
Design