Introduction to gis and its application

1. INTRODUCTION TO GIS AND ITS
APPLICATION
SUBMITTED BY :
13BCL109, 13BCL110, 13BCL111,
13BCL112,13BCL113,13BCL118

2. INTRODUCTION
• A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a collection
of computer software, hardware, data, and
personnel used to store, manipulate, analyze, and
present geographically referenced information.
• Geographic Information systems (GIS) represent a
powerful new means to efficiently manage and
integrate the numerous types of information
necessary for the planning, design, construction,
analysis, operation, maintenance, and administration
of transportation systems and facilities.

3. Some of the major objectives of GIS are to :
• Maximizing the efficiency of planning and
decision making
• Integrating information from multiple sources
• Facilitating complex querying and analysis
• Eliminating redundant data and minimizing
duplication

4. A GIS has following components:
• Hardware : It consists of the equipments and support devices that are
required to capture, store process and visualize the geographic
information.
• Software : Software is at the heart of a GIS system. The GIS software must
have the basic capabilities of data input, storage, transformation, analysis
and providing desired outputs. The GIS software being used today are
ArcGIS, MapInfo, Micro station, Geo media etc.
• Data : The data is captured or collected from various sources (such as
maps, field observations, photography, satellite imagery etc) and is
processed for analysis and presentation.
• Procedures : These include the methods or ways by which data has to be
input in the system, retrieved, processed, transformed and presented.
• People : This component of GIS includes all those individuals (such as
programmer, database manager, GIS researcher etc.) who are making the
GIS work, and also the individuals who are at the user end using the GIS
services, applications and tools.

5. APPLICATIONS
• Transportation
• Water Resource Engineering
• Urban Planning
• Construction
• Analysis

6. TRANSPORTATION
• In transportation profession the world have
discovered and embraced GIS as an important
tool, which helps user in managing, planning,
evaluating and maintaining transportation
system.
• A specific branch of GIS called GIS-T, has been
used for diverse purposes, which refers to the
principles and applications of applying
geographic information tech. to transportation
problem.

7. • GIS-T used for different purposes like
analyzing the annual capital improvement
plans to identify noise regulations, violations
around the area.
• GIS-T cover much of the broad scope of
transportation and logistics, such as
infrastructure planning and management,
transportation safety analysis, travel demand
analysis, traffic monitoring and control, public
transit planning etc.

8. • Other applications of GIS-T are routing and
scheduling vehicle tracking and dispatching
site selection and service area analysis.
• Now a days, growing number of Internet
based and wireless GIS-T application can be
found like, google maps and mapquest.

9. WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
 There are many areas in Water Resources Engineering
where GIS may be successfully applied.
 Lets take an example of a dam, a dam is proposed to be
constructed across a river, for which the following
information may be desired:
• Watershed area contributing to the project site
• Reservoir surface area and volume, given the height of
the dam

10. For the above, the following themes may be stored in a GIS:
• Elevation contours of the watershed area, including the project
site
• Satellite image of village.
• Village boundary map, showing location of habitation clusters.
Using the above data, one may obtain desired in information as
follows:
• Watershed area may be found by using the elevation and
contour data. Once the boundary is identified, the area
calculation tool may be used in the GIS software to calculate the
watershed area.
• Reservoir surface area can similarly found using the area
calculation tool. Volume calculation tool of the GIS software may
be used to find out the volume.

11. URBAN PLANNING
• Planning and development is mutually supportive
and is highly a complicated activity. Most of the
urban issues lie with land related activities as land is
a scarce and highly valuable commodity. Traditional
methods of surveying and the land records cannot be
successful tools for managing the urban scenario
today. It is because the people and technology keep
changing much faster and is ahead of time.

12. • GIS is one such sophisticated tool to handle spatial
information and sequentially analyze the physical
environment with that of its attribute data such as
Canopy, Land use, Land cover, Environmental
resources, water line, and sewer line etc and related
to its topology.

13. • The following methodology was adopted in the present
study of urban planning,
_ The base map of the study area is prepared using existing Map.
_ Using GIS technique, the thematic maps have been prepared.
_ Digitizing, Editing & labelling the various thematic maps,
Integration and preparation of derived maps using GIS software

14. CONSTRUCTION
• It is the stage when all layout plans and paper
work design come into existence in the real
world. The GIS helps the professionals to
understand the site conditions that affect the
schedule baseline and cost baseline. To keep
the construction within budget and schedule
GIS guides us about how to utilize our
resources on site efficiency by:

15.  Timely usage of construction equipment.
 Working Hours
 Effects of seasonal fluctuations.
 Optimizing routes for dumpers and concrete
trucks
 Earth filling and cutting
 Calculation of volumes and areas of
constructed phase thereby helping in
Estimation and Valuation.

16. ANALYSIS
• Analysis is one of the major and most
influential phases of infrastructure life cycle.
Analysis guides us about the validity or
correctness of design or we can say that
analysis is a method which supports our
design. Some of the analyses that can be
performed by GIS are:

17.  Water distribution analysis
 Traffic management analysis
 Soil analysis
 Site feasibility analysis
 Environment impact analysis
 Volume or Area analysis of catchment
 River or canals pattern analysis
 Temperature and humidity analysis

18. THANK YOU