Despite the fact Heat waves are known to be nature led phenomenon , but growing intensity and increased frequency of heat waves can be attributed to human based /led activities. Buildings and Cities are major contributors to promoting heat intensity. Cities are known to be more warmer than rural settlements. Cities core are warmer than the urban fringes. Heat footprints vary from city to city and within city. Few neighborhoods are more warmer than other neighborhoods. Planning cities ignoring nature and diluting natural features can be considered as the prime reason for promoting heat and heating the cities. If cities continue to add/generate heat , cities can never be made sustainable and shall be pushing the boundaries of sustainability across the globe, which will not be achieved. We are wrong in our priorities. We are cooling buildings at the cost of outer environment. We are throwing inside heat outdoor, making cities warmer leading to problems of heat wave. We have to rethink, redefine and reshape. Cool cities must become the agenda of planners to think, ponder and our strategies. Instead of cooling buildings we need to cool cities, to minimize consumption of energy. Cool cities in hot regions can emancipate cities issues of global warming and climate change,

1. Various Initiatives for
Heat Wave Management
in Urban India
Ar. J.K.GUPTA,
Email---- jit.kumar1944@gmail.com, Mob- 90410-26414

2. Cities and Climate
• Cities -- concentration of population/ activities,
institution
• Cities – large consumers of resources/energy/
land
• -Cities- remain a manmade , mechanical habitat
• Cities- destroy natural habitat-
• Cities- anti-thesis to bio-diversity
• Cities- creator of best/ worst living
• Crisis-- remain in crisis- population, pollution,
• Cities – ever evolving and devolving, never static
and never finite

3. Cities and Climate
• Cities- have acute shortage of green spaces
• Cities- Prone to disasters- natural /
manmade
• Create large heat island- temperature rising
2-4 degree during day & up to 10 C at night
• Perpetually suffering-- from problems of
traffic & transportation; Rising Temperature
• Remain large consumers of;
• -- energy / resources
• - polluter of environment
• -- destroyer of bio-diversity
• -- creating large carbon footprints
• --responsible for global warming& climate
change/rising temperature/Heat Wave

4. Global Context of Cities

5. Cities and Climate
• Cities - consume 60 % of world’s energy
• Cities- Produce more than 70 % of greenhouse gas
emissions.
• Cities- major contributors to climate change
• - Cities-- impact poor/poverty on large scale
• Cities- Responsible for Rising global/city temperatures –
• Cities--causing sea levels to rise,
• -Cities- increase extreme weather events ;
• -- Causing Numerous disasters-
• - floods, droughts , storms, cyclones ; Heat waves
• --spread of tropical diseases.
• - Adversely impacting basic services, infrastructure
including
• - housing, human livelihoods , health.,

6. Heat Wave-
Definition &
Urban
Vulnerability

7. Defining Heat Wave
• Heat wave - period of prolonged abnormally high surface temperatures
than Normal-- May span several days to several weeks
• - causes of weather-related mortality, - affecting developed /developing
countries alike.
• Globally- frequency /intensity increased since 1950s
• - associated with climate change.
• Heat Wave characterized by-
• High Temperature & low humidity/ high humidity,
• - increasing health - causing heat-related stresses like ;
• -- heat exhaustion, dehydration, / heatstroke.
• No formal/standardized definition of heat wave exists.
• The World Meteorological Organization defines it-- 5 or more consecutive
days when daily max temp surpasses average max temp by 5 °C (9 °F)
• India Meteorological Department - temp rise ; 5–6 °C (9–10.8 °F) or more
above normal temperature
• U.S. National Weather Service-- spell of “abnormally / uncomfortably hot
and unusually humid weather” spanning two days or more

8. Heat waves-Impacting Humans
–Oppressively hot /humid air masses lingering over
populated areas -- can produce many deaths,
—impacting very young/ very old/ with health
problems
--US heatwaves kill more people - any other natural
disaster
• UK- heat-related deaths to increase 257% by 2050 & 535%
by 2080.
• - Russian heat wave of 2010 - covered 1,036,000 square
km & killed 55,000 people),
• - European heat wave of 2003- killed > 30,000 people
• - U.S. heat wave/drought of 1988 - killed >4,000 people
• -- Indian heat wave of 2015-- killed > 2,500 people

9. Factors
Causing
Heat Wave

10. Factors causing heat Wave
• Rapid Global Warming/ Climate Change due to;
• Variations in Sun's Intensity.
• --Rapid Growth of Population;
• Rapid urbanization/ Industrial Activity- burning fossil fuels,
coal, petroleum --CO2
• Agricultural – using fertilizers on large scale --nitrous oxide,
• Deforestation-Large scale destruction of flora –fauna
• Large concentration of population/ institutions in urban area
• Large concentration of vehicles on urban Roads
• Low availability of Green Spaces-Low count of Trees /capita
• Large/Unsustainable Built Environment--Urban Heat Island ;
• Metaling all open surfaces- Roads, pavements, streets, parking
• Encroaching eco-sensitive areas-wet lands, river banks.
• High Humidity-

11. Factors causing heat Wave- Sun

13. Factors causing Heat Wave--Population/Urbanisation
• 250 million in 1919
• 1210 million in 2011
• 2050- Indian population- 1600 mil. -- 50% in
Urban India.
• Metropolitan Centres -5 (1951)- -53 (2011)-
68(2031)
• 10 m plus- nil (1951)- 3 (2011) -7 (2031)-9 (2051)
• During last 100 years, India witnessed—
- -Urbanization level going up by 3 times
- --Urban settlements growing merely 4 times-
1976 to- 7935
- -Population multiplying 5 times- 25-121 crores
- -Urban population increasing 15 times
- -25-377 m
- -Rural population increasing 3.5 times-225-
833m
- India becoming most populated country Globally

14. Factors causing Heat Wave- BUILDINGS
•Built environment impact environment / consumption of
resources:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
40% of global energy consumption.
35% of world's CO2 emission
40% of Municipal Solid Waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% of residents having sick building syndrome
– ( Roodman and Lenssen, 1995)
•70% global warming--outcome of buildings / transportation
•Existing buildings--low concern for energy conservation.
•Considering annual addition of- 700-900msqmts-
•-- energy/ environment implications will be critical.
•Buildings need to be;
•- designed /constructed / operated /maintained
•--with utmost care /considerations for
•-- energy/ sustainability/resources/reducing heat island

15. Factors causing Heat Wave- Heat Island

16. Factors Causing Heat Wave—Low Tree Count

17. Factor Causing Heat Wave—Buildings
Metaling of Pavement/Coaltar Roads
 Thermal imaging photograph shows high surface temperatures of
asphalt roads and buildings--lower temperatures in shade

18. Factors Causing Heat Wave-
Loss of Flora /Fauna

19. Factors causing Heat Wave- Lack of Open
Spaces

20. Factors causing Heat Wave-Complex
Urban Traffic & Transportation

21. Factors causing Heat Wave- Large
Induction of Vehicles/Congestion

22. - Factors causing Heat Wave- Thermal Plant-
Black Energy

23. Factors causing Heat Wave-
Industrial Pollution

24. Factors causing Heat Wave- Heat from Solid
Waste mis- management

25. Options for
Making
cities-Safe &
Sustainable

26. Deadly Heat Is
Baking Cities.
How to Cool
Them Down

27. Disaster Susceptibility of India
• India - known as nation of disaster- ranks high among
disaster-prone countries.
--According to National Disaster Management Authority;
-- around 12% land -- exposed to floods,
-- 68% land-- vulnerable to droughts, landslides/ avalanches,
-- 58.6% landmass -- earthquake-prone
--5,700 / 7,516-km coastline-vulnerable to Tsunamis / cyclones
• During 20 years (2000-2019)
• - India recorded large natural disasters
• -- floods (52 per cent),
• -- cyclones (30 per cent),
• -- drought (3 per cent)
• ,-- earthquakes (5 per cent),
• -landslides (10 per cent).

28. Why Safe Cities Are Important
• 35% of the India’s population lives in cities -
• 423 million – will join urban areas in next 3 decades.
• Cities make large Contribution to economy,
employment, environment , prosperity, Provide-
infrastructures, services
• Need to promote urban safety
• -- manage environment, ecology, resources; GH gas
emissions ; minimize energy use; make cities cool
• Cool/ Safe cities allow ;-
• -- launch initiatives using smart technologies to
manage assets /resources
• --Provide high quality of life to residents
• --generate economic growth.
• -- delivering services with reduced infrastructure costs.
• -Mitigate the harsh impact of heat on people/poor

29. SDG 11- Make cities and human settlements
inclusive ,safe, resilient and sustainable

31. Managing /Combating Heat Wave
 1 Heat & Vulnerability Mapping
Measuring urban heat & assessing vulnerabilities to target future action
 2 Heat wave emergency management
Developing heat wave emergency response systems (cooling centres,
heatwave public communication)
 3 Integrating heat into long-term planning
Developing urban heat strategies and integrating heat action into long-
term planning (setting heat reduction targets & measuring progress)
 4 Making the case for heat action
Highlighting co-benefits of heat action to gain political support
 5 Heat mitigation solutions
Evaluating green /cool solutions /methods for implementation-- cool
roofs & pavements, green building envelopes, street trees, urban
forests; cooling techniques

32. Options for
Combating Heat
Wave- Plant More
Trees

33. Options for Combating Heat Wave-
• Making Heat Management integral Part of City planning,
development and management Process
• Graduate from heat mitigation to heat management
• Create water bodies-Plant Large number of trees/City Forests
• Make Buildings Green- Reduce Heat Island Impact
• Make Streets Green;
• Go for Green Roof, White Roof, Green Walls
• Make Buildings absorb less heat- Make Buildings/ Roads
reflective
• Minimize Traffic/transportation related heat
• Make Neighborhood green-Check on vulnerable communities /
neighbors.
• Practice extreme caution when spending time outdoors-Stay
hydrated -Stay Cool
• Boston opened cooling centers, splash pads, indoor pools/

34. Combating Heat Waves—Making Heat
Management Part of City Planning- Chandigarh

35. Options for Combating Heat Wave-Making
Heat Management Part of City Planning

36. Options for
Combating Heat
Wave- Making
Cities Green

37. Combating Heat Waves—Making
Cities Green--Central Park New York

38. Combating Heat Waves—Making
Cities Green- Hyde Park London-

39. Combating Heat Waves—Making
Cities Green- PERTH- Australia

40. Combating Heat Waves—Making Cities Green-
Curitiba boasts > 50 sq metres of green
space.

41. Combating Heat Waves- Creating City Forest

42. Combating Heat Waves—Making Cities
Green- Leisure Valley Chandigarh

43. Combating Heat Waves—Making Cities Green-
Stockholm- European First Green Capital

44. Options for Combating Heat Wave-
Creating water Bodies-- Chandigarh
Lake

45. Options for Combating Heat Wave-
Greening Neighbourhoods

46. Combating Heat Wave- Plant More Trees
-
Vegetation/greenery powerful tool to;
• -- fight excessive city heat.
• -- provide shade,
• -- stimulate evapotranspiration,
• -- water evaporation from plants’
leaves - reducing air temperature
• -Promoting cooling,
• – absorbing pollutants from air,
• -- producing oxygen
• - Making People happy/healthy
• Creating natural setting within
hyper-dense city.
• Making are calm

47. Combating Heat Wave- Plant More Trees

49. Combating Heat Wave-Growing Trees

50. Combating Heat Wave-Growing Trees

51. Combating Heat Waves—Making Cities
Green- Super Trees
Singapore-- Super trees in 250-acre Gardens by Bay.
-- High-tech structures -- 80 to 160 feet
-- collect solar energy to power a night light show.
-- trunks -- vertical gardens, laced with more than 150,000 living plants.

52. Options for
Combating Heat
Wave- Making
Buildings Green

53. Combating Heat Wave-
Making Buildings Green-

54. Advantages of Green Buildings

55. Combating Heat Waves—
Making Buildings Green-
Singapore, seven 50-story housing towers
connected by 1,600-foot-recreational “sky garden.”
-- high-density development in compact city-state.

56. .
Combating Heat Waves—Making
Buildings Green-

57. Combating Heat Wave- Making Buildings Green

58. Options for
Combating Heat
Wave- Making
Roof /walls Green

59. Combating Heat Wave-Roof Garden-

60. Combating Heat Wave-Cool Roof -

61. Combating Heat Wave-Cool Roof -

62. Combating Heat Wave-Green Walls

63. Options for
Combating Heat
Wave- Green
Transportation

64. Combating Heat Wave-Green Transport
• Sustainable Transport --
• -- sometimes known as Green Transport
• -- form of transport that does not use / rely
on dwindling natural resources.
• -- relies on renewable /regenerated energy
• -- rather than fossil fuels that have a finite life
expectancy

65. Combating Heat Wave-Promoting Cycling

66. Combating Heat Waves—Making Cities
Green-World’s Cycling Captal - Amsterdam

67. Combating Heat Wave-Painting Roads white

68. Combating Heat Waves —
Making Roads Green

69. Combating Heat Wave-Cooling
Centres- Amazon- Seattle

70. Combating Heat Wave-Urban Planning

71. Combating Heat Wave-Collaborating

72. CREATING Safe/Sustainable/Cool Cities CITIES
POSES GREATEST CHALLENGE TO PLANNERS/
PROFESSIONALS