Data refers to information that can be collected and stored. It comes from observations, measurements, facts, and other sources. While data is technically a plural noun, it is often used as a singular noun. There are various legal frameworks and definitions that relate to data but do not establish clear ownership over data. Laws address issues like copyright over databases, privacy of personal data, trade secrets, and requirements for companies to disclose or preserve customer data, but the concept of data ownership remains unclear.

1. Data…
…and 3 things that know you must!

2. ☆ An unnecessary Definition

3. DATA, plural noun
Etymology : from Latin, literally: (things) given, from ‘dare’ to give
1. A series of observations, measurements, or facts; information.
[American] Facts or figures to be processed; evidence, records,
statistics, etc. from which conclusions can be inferred; information
2. Information in a form suitable for storing and processing by a
computer
3. Data is information presented in numbers, letters, or other form.
Usage: Although now often used as a singular noun, data is properly a plural.
In general English, the noun data is usually followed by a singular verb, but in technical
English, it is often followed by a plural verb and the singular form of the noun is datum.
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/
Collins English Dictionary. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers

4. DATEN, die,
1. Plural von Datum (Kalender)
2. (durch Beobachtungen, Messungen, statistische Erhebungen u. a.
gewonnene) [Zahlen]werte, (auf Beobachtungen, Messungen,
statistischen Erhebungen u. a. beruhende) Angaben, formulierbare
Befunde [Pons: gemessene Werte]
3. (EDV) Jede Art von information die ein Computer verarbeitet.
4. (Mathematik) zur Lösung oder Durchrechnung einer Aufgabe
vorgegebene Zahlenwerte, Größen
Herkunft nach englisch data, Plural von: datum < lateinisch datum, datum
Synonyme zu Daten : Angaben, Einzelheiten, Fakten, Größen, Maße, Messwerte,
Tatsachen, Werte, Zahlen; (bildungssprachlich) Details
http://www.duden.de/ + https://de.pons.com/

5. DATA, subst. masc. plur.
Faits donnés, connus d'eux-mêmes ou par la science.
Peu usité, et seulement dans cette locution : les data et les desiderata.
Ailleurs on dit « donnée ».
Étymologie : Latin, participe passif datus, au plur. neutre : les choses données.
Littré, Émile. Dictionnaire de la langue française. Paris, L. Hachette, 1873-1874.
Version enligne par F. Gannaz. http://www.littre.org
DONNÉE, subst. fém.
A. Math. Quantité connue dans l'énoncé d'un problème et qui sert à
trouver la solution.
B. Par extension : Ce qui est connu et admis, et qui sert de base, à un
raisonnement, à un examen ou à une recherche. Ensemble des
indications enregistrées en machine pour permettre l'analyse et/ou la
recherche automatique des informations.
TLFi : Trésor de la langue Française informatisé, http://www.atilf.fr/tlfi,
ATILF - CNRS & Université de Lorraine.

6. BIG DATA, nom masculin invariable
Étymologie : mot anglais « données volumineuses »
Domaine technologique dédié à l’analyse de très grands volumes de
données informatiques (petaoctets), issus d'une grande variété de
sources, tels les moteurs de recherche et les réseaux sociaux ; ces grands
volumes de données.
(Recommandation officielle : mégadonnées.)
http://www.larousse.fr/
OPEN DATA, nom masculin invariable
Étymologie : mot anglais de open, ouvert, et data, données)
Mise à disposition de données numériques, d’origine publique ou privée,
libres d’accès et réutilisables par tous.
(Recommandation officielle : données ouvertes.)
http://www.larousse.fr/

7. CONCLUSIO :
Data = Information

8. ☆ ☆ The Vertigo of an infinite Vision of the World

10. Book Chapter Sentence Word Letter ByteLibrarianParking Valet ReaderJanitor

11. METONYMY, noun
A figure of speech in which the name of one thing is used in place of that of
another associated with it, e.g. the whole and the part, etc.
Etymology : from greek Μετωνομία, of μετὰ (instead) and ὄνομα (noun).
Data = Quantum Metonymy

12. So what about Big Data?

13. A bird is a bird !…
ü Bigger cage
ü More grain
ü More noise
ü Bigger droppings !

14. ☆ ☆ ☆ The Delights of Intellectual Improperty

16. Directive (EC) 96/9 of 11 March1996 on the Legal
Protection of Databases
Article 7, 1. – Object of Protection:
« Member States shall provide for a right for the maker of a
database which shows that there has been qualitatively and/or
quantitatively a substantial investment in either the
obtaining, verification or presentation of the contents to
prevent extraction and/or re-utilization of the whole or of a
substantial part, evaluated qualitatively and/or quantitatively, of the
contents of that database. »
Hey Law! Data?!?

17. Ownership vs. Possession
Ownership = Legal relationship
Art. 544 (French) Civil Code:
Ownership is the right to enjoy and
dispose of things in the most
absolute manner, provided they are
not used in a way prohibited by statutes
or regulations.
POSSESSION = Factual relationship
Art. 2255 (French) Civil Code:
Possession is the detention or
enjoyment of a thing or of a right that we
hold or that we exercise by ourselves, or by
another who holds it or who exercises it in
our name.

18. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of 27 April 2016, on the
protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of
personal data and on the free movement of such data,
(General Data Protection Regulation)
Article 4 - Definitions:
« ‘personal data’ means any information relating to an
identified or identifiable natural person…»
Did you hear anybody say Data Ownership ?

19. [Draft] Regulation (EU) on a framework for the free flow of
non-personal data in the European Union
Article 3 – Definitions :
« ‘user‘ means a natural or legal person using or
requesting a data storage or other processing service;
… »
I said: No Data Ownership !

20. Directive (EU) 2016/943 of 8 June 2016 on protection of
undisclosed know-how and business information (trade
secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use and
disclosure
Article 2 - Definitions :
« ‘trade secret’’ means information which meets all of the
following requirements:
(a) it is secret in the sense that it is not, as a body or in the precise
configuration and assembly of its components, generally known
among or readily accessible to persons within the circles that
normally deal with the kind of information in question;
(b) it has commercial value because it is secret;
(c) it has been subject to reasonable steps under the
circumstances, by the person lawfully in control of the
information, to keep it secret; … »
I mean: there is No Data Ownership !

21. "Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act"
("CLOUD Act »)
§ 2713 - Required preservation and disclosure of
communications and records [Chapter 121 of title 18,
United States Code]
"A provider of electronic communication service or remote
computing service shall comply with the obligations of this
chapter to preserve, backup, or disclose the contents of a
wire or electronic communication and any record or other
information pertaining to a customer or subscriber within
such provider’s possession, custody, or control,
regardless of whether such communication, record, or other
information is located within or outside of the United States.”
I really mean: there is No Data Ownership !

22. FALSE

23. IP anyone !?!

24. Protection…

25. Transaction…

26. Still, the morning after questions…
WHAT ?
WHO ?
WHERE ?
WHEN ?

27. Data, a collective good?…. The Data Kibbutz