3. PRESEN
TED BY
AKNOLEDGEMENT
We are very thankful to our school for
assigning us this project. It helped
us to bring out our creativity &
expand our knowledge. We are
equally thankful to everyone who
supported us, for we completed
our project on time. We also thank
Bal Mukund Bardhan, Ex-Dipsite
2011-16, who guided us in making
the P.P.t.
PRIYANKA
BARDHAN
(GROUP LEADER)
SHREYA ROY
SHOURYA VIKRAM
SHREYASH
SHIVANK SINHA
PRABHUDEEP
UTTKARSH SINHA
4. WHAT IS
STAMPEDE !!?
A STAMPEDE is uncontrolled concerted
running as an act of mass impulse among herd
animals or a crowd of people in which the group
collectively begins running, often in an attempt
to escape a perceived threat.
5. STAMPEDE ARE OF
CATTLE STAMPEDE
Anything unusual may start a
stampede among cattle.
Especially at night, things such
as lighting a match, someone
jumping off a horse, a horse
shaking itself, a lightning strike,
a tumbleweed blown into the
herd, or "a horse running
through a herd kicking at a
saddle which has turned under
its belly" have been known to
cause stampedes.
HUMAN STAMPEDE & CRUSHES
Human stampedes and crushes
often occur during religious
pilgrimages[and professional
sporting and music events, as
these events tend to involve
many people in a dense area
(overcrowded). They also
occur in times of panic (e.g. as
a result of a fire or explosion)
as people try to get away.
6. what is CATTLE
Anything unusual may start a stampede among cattle. Especially at
night, things such as lighting a match, someone jumping off a horse, a
horse shaking itself, a lightning strike, a tumbleweed blown into the herd,
or "a horse running through a herd kicking at a saddle which has turned
under its belly" have been known to cause stampedes.
A large stampede typically eliminates everything in its path. With
livestock, cowboys attempt to turn the moving herd into itself, so that it
runs in circles rather than running off a cliff or into a river and avoids
damaging human life or property. Tactics used to make the herd turn into
itself include firing a pistol, which creates noise to make the leaders of
the stampede turn.
Sometimes people purposefully induce cattle to stampede as a
component of warfare or hunting, such as some Native Americans, who
were known to cause American bison to kill themselves at a buffalo
jump.
7. what is HUMAN STAMPEDE &
Human stampedes and crushes often occur during religious
pilgrimages and professional sporting and music events, as these events
tend to involve many people in a dense area (overcrowded). They also
occur in times of panic (e.g. as a result of a fire or explosion) as people try
to get away.
Stampedes
According to experts, true "stampedes" (and "panics") rarely occur except
when many people are fleeing in fear, such as from a fire, and trampling by
people in such "stampede" conditions rarely causes fatal injuries.
Crushes
Crushes are very often referred to as stampedes but, unlike true
stampedes, they can cause many deaths. Crowd density is more important
than size. A density of four people per square meter begins to be
dangerous, even if the crowd is not very large.
8. CAUSES OF
Causes of stampedes can be better understood through the
FIST MODEL, which describes the primary elements involved
in crowd disasters. In other words, the elements provide a
model for understanding the causes of crowd disasters, means
of prevention, and possible mitigation of an ongoing crowd
incident. The elements of the model form the acronym "FIST",
which is a useful reminder that any crowd situation can quickly
become threatening and potentially lethal. The acronym is
defined as follows: FORCE (F) of the crowd, or crowd
pressure; INFORMATION (I) upon which the crowd acts or
reacts, real or perceived, true or false; SPACE (S) involved in
the crowd incident, standing area, physical facilities - stairs,
corridors, escalators; TIME (T) duration of incident, event
scheduling, facility processing rates
SOUTH ASIAN
DISASTER KNOWLEDGE NETWORK
9. F O R C E I N F O R M AT I O N S PA C E T I M E
It does not take many
people to produce
deadly force. If you’ve
been in such situation,
you can’ t keep your
feet on the ground and
cannot control where
you move. You can just
try to keep your
balance. Crowd forces
can reach levels that
almost impossible to
resist or control.
Virtually all crowd
deaths are due to
compressive
asphyxia and not the
"trampling" reported by
In the broad
systems sense,
information has
many forms. It
includes all means
of communication,
the sights and
sounds affecting
group perceptions,
public address
announcements,
training and actions
of personnel, signs,
and even ticketing,
which can instigate
rapid group
The configuration,
capacity, and traffic
processing
capabilities of
assembly facilities
determine degrees
of crowding. Space
includes standing
and seating areas,
projected
occupancies, and
the practical working
capacities of
corridors, ramps,
stairs, doors,
escalators, and
A simple illustration
of timing is the more
gradual and lighter
density arrival
process before an
event, compared to
the rapid egress and
heavy crowd
densities after an
event. However, it is
found out that the
longer the gap
between two similar
events, the larger
the size and density
of crowd force it
SOUTH ASIAN
DISASTER KNOWLEDGE NETWORK
10. compressiveasphyxia!!?
horizontalforces!!?
SOUTH ASIAN
DISASTER KNOWLEDGE NETWORK
Compressive asphyxia is occurred from people being stacked up
vertically, one on top of the other, or horizontal pushing and
leaning forces. In the Ibrox Park soccer stadium incident, police
reported that the pile of bodies was 3 m (10 feet) high. At this
height, people on the bottom would experience chest pressures
assuming half the weight of those above was concentrated in the
upper body area.
Horizontal forces sufficient to cause compressive asphyxia would
be more dynamic as people push off against each other to obtain
breathing space. In the Cincinnati rock concert incident, a line of
bodies was found approximately 9 m (30 ft) from a wall near the
entrance. This indicates that crowd pressures probably came from
11. HOW TO STOP
STAMPEDES !!? :
Stampedes have been common to populous India, with most occurring
during religious gatherings. New studies in `pedestrian dynamics` now
say that to prevent a stampede, one needs to spot the building of
pressure in a dense moving crowd.
Dirk Helbing of Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, and
Anders Johansson of the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis,
University College, London, found that the decisive factor leading
to a stampede was not average or local crowd density but
pressure, which is speed variance multiplied by density.
Replying to an e-mail query, Johansson said: "For planned mass
gatherings like pilgrimages, sports and political events, a set of
measures should be taken in order to minimise the risk of a crowd
crush or other types of disasters.
12. How to stop stampedes !!?
:
Firstly, one has to make sure that the infrastructure (roads, corridors,
open spaces, entrances and exits) is suitable for the mass gathering so
that there is enough capacity and there are no bottlenecks or other
compression points.
Secondly, there should be a good crowd-management plan that is
followed, which includes crowd monitoring, scheduling and control.
Thirdly, one must have good contingency plans (e.g. evacuation) in case
anything goes wrong
On top of this, it is advisable to make use of modern technology such as
computer simulation of crowds, to test the suitability of a venue virtually
in a computer, before the gathering, and also to use any mean of real-time
crowd counting during the event, to be able to take action in case the
event does not unfold according to plan
14. What should you do if
there's a panic or
stampede?
{We've all had that thought at a concert or
festival: "What would I do if there's a
panic"? We asked a professional Crowd
Controller for their expert tips.}
15. UNDERSTANDING CROWD
DYNAMICS IN A PANIC
when people or animals are fleeing something of perceived danger. They're
running from something that scares them. This was a crowd craze… a
movement of people towards something of perceived value. Like getting into
the place."
Paul says the critical error with Love Parade was underestimating the crowd
size. Organizers had planned for 250,000 participants, 1.4 million turned up,
leaving security, medical services, and infrastructure woefully inadequate.
"There's always this perception that if people had just acted rationally they
wouldn't have been crushed to death. Panic didn't cause this, the failure to
manage this event caused this."
Initial reports from Phnom Penh indicate this tragedy was a genuine stampede.
The annual Water Festival marks the end of the rainy season. A million people
had come to the capital for the festivities. Most were on an island in the Mekong
River when something spooked them.
Some say a large group fainted in the crowd crush. Other reports say an
electrocution sparked the panic. Whatever the cause, suddenly a massive
crowd was attempting to cross one small suspension bridge.
16. SURVIVAL TIPS IN A
A stampede or a crush, whatever it is, there are a few tips for
increasing your chances of survival.
Paul Wertheimer says you should take a moment to make a mental
note of all the exits in a venue as soon as you arrive. The natural
urge is to use the same entry when you exit, not because it's safer,
but it's familiar. Paul says there may be an alternative exit being
used by fewer people that will get you out more quickly, very handy if
you already know where it is.
"When you start to feel uncomfortable in a crowd, this is the time to
start looking at leaving. This is very difficult, because if you've come
a long distance, or you've waited for a long time, for example in front
of a stage, you don't want to leave. "
Many people leave that decision until it's too late, and find they are
now trapped in a large, swaying and shuffling crowd.
17. TO-DO LIST
Stay on your feet.
Conserve energy – don't push against the crowd and don't
yell or scream.
Use sign language to communicate with those around you
(point, wave, even use your eyes).
Keep your hands up by your chest, like a boxer – it gives
you movement and protects your chest.
If you're in danger ask people to crowd surf you out.
If someone extends their hand for help, grab hold to keep
them up. - Paul says in his experience crowds tend NOT to
panic, they tend to be heroic and compassionate.
18. HOW TO ESCAPE A
Paul has developed a technique for working your way out of a
crush, he calls it the accordion method.
"After you're pushed forward, like in a wave there's a lull. In that
lull is your chance to move, and the way you move is on a
diagonal, between pockets of people. There's always space
between people. A couple of steps sideways, another wave
surge, then another couple of steps in the next lull. You work
your way out that way till you get to the periphery."
But, and it's a big, nasty, but: "After a point you can't get out, it
doesn't matter how big you are, how strong you are it doesn't
even matter if you're a crowd safety expert. After a certain point
you're trapped." Says Paul.
And that's the tragedy.
