diploma environmental engineering

1. SANITARY FITTINGS

2. • Various sanitary fittings are used in buildings, for
efficient collection and removal of waste water to the
house drain: They are classified as
 Ablution fittings
1) Wash basins
2) Sinks
3) Bath tubs
4) Flushing cisterns
 Soil fittings
1) Urinals
2) Water closets

3. Wash basins
 A wash basin is usually made of fire clay, stoneware,
earthenware or vitreous china. Nowadays they are
also made of steel, plastic, glass , aluminium etc.
 There are two types of wash basins - the flat back
and the angle back.
• Flat back –mounting on walls
• Angle back- fixing at the junction of two walls

4. Flat back
Angle back

5.  It has slotted overflow hole at the top.
 Circular waste hole at the bottom.
 Internal angles are designed to facilitate cleaning
 Standard sizes for flat back wash basins are
630 x 450 mm
550 x 400 mm
 Standard sizes for angle back wash basins are
600 x 480 mm
400 x 400 mm

7. Sinks
 A sink is a rectangular basin used in kitchen or
laboratory for cleaning utensils, and glasswares.
 Made of glazed earthware, stone ware, stainless
steel etc.
 Provided with draining board on the right of user.
 The height of top of sink from floor - 90cm

8.  The mouth of outlet pipe is provided with grating so
that the entry of coarse solid substances is prevented.
 Common sizes of kitchen sinks:
600 x 450 x 150 mm
600 x 450 x 250 mm
750 x 450 x 250 mm
 Common sizes for laboratory sinks:
400 x 250 x 150 mm
450 x 300 x 150 mm
500 x 350 x 150 mm
600 x 400 x 200 mm

10. Bath tubs
• Bath tubs are usually made of enamelled iron, cast
iron, plastic , steel , marble , fireclay, fibre glass etc.
• They may be with parallel sides or with tapering
sides.
• the usual dimensions of both tub are:
length : 1.7 to 1.85 m
width : 0.70 to 0.75 m
depth : 0.6 m

12. Section through a bath

13. Flushing Cisterns
 Appliance used for flushing out water closets , urinals
etc.
 Based upon the height at which it is fixed
High level cistern – Min ht .of 125cm b/w top of pan
and underside of cistern
Low level cistern - Max ht .of 30cm b/w top of pan and
underside of cistern
 Two types
• Valve less siphonic type eg: Bell type flushing cistern
• Valve fitted siphonic type

14. Bell Type Flushing Cisterns

15. • Cistern made of cast iron or pressed steel
• Flush pipe of 32mm passes through the centre
• C.I bell covers the flush pipe
• When the chain pulled , bell is lifted up
• Water spills over outlet pipe
• Siphonic action is started due to which whole water
rushes towards the outlet and flushes the W.C
Bell Type Flushing Cisterns

17. Water closets (W/C)
A water closet is a sanitary fitting which is designed
to receive human excreta directly and convey to the
septic tank or underground sewer through a trap.

18. • The water closets are of three type :
 Squatting type or Indian type
 Wash down , pedestal or European type

19. Squatting type or Indian type
 Squatting pan 45cm-63cm
length
 45-50cm height
 Pan is fitted with P trap or S
traps, which is then connected
to soil pipe.
 Flushed with high level cistern
of 10-15 litres capacity

20. European type
 Overall length of pan 63cm
 34-40cm height
 Pan is fitted with P trap or S
traps, which is then
connected to soil pipe.
 It is flushed by a low level
flushing cistern of 10 litres
capacity.

21. • Mainly four types
1) Bowl shape
a)Flat back
b) Angle back
2) Slab
3) Stall type
4) Squatting plate type
Urinals

22. Bowl shaped

23. Slab type urinals

24. Stall type urinals

25. Squatting plate type

26. • Traps are fittings placed in drainage pipes which
prevent the passage of foul air or gases through drains,
waste or soil pipes and thus prevent their entry into
the interior of houses or buildings.
• They are equipped with water seals – min depth
25mm
• Depth varies from 25-75mm .50mm depth is common.
Traps

27. Characteristics of good traps
• Should provide enough water seal ( around 50 mm).
• Interiors surface should be smooth so that the flow is
not obstructed which enables self cleansing.
• Suitable access should be provided for cleaning the
trap.
• It should be made of non- absorbent material.
Traps

28. Based on their shape classified as
i) P trap
ii) S trap
iii) Q trap
Traps

29. Traps

30. • Based on their use, the traps are classified as:
• Floor Traps (Nahni Trap)
• Gully Traps
• Intercepting Traps
Traps

31. Floor Traps (Nahni Trap)
This trap is generally used to admit sullage from
the floors of rooms, bathrooms, kitchen etc.
This is provided with cast iron or stainless steel
grating at its top so that the entry of coarse solid
matter is prevented and therby chances of
blockage are reduced.
A commonly used name of trap is Nahni Trap.

32. Floor trap

33. Gully traps
• A Gully trap or gully is provided at a junction of a
roof drain and other drain coming from kitchen or
bathroom.
• The foul sullage shall enter through the side inlet
which is also called as back inlet and unfoul rain
water shall enter from the top which is covered with
cast iron grating.
• Gully traps may either have a P shaped or S shaped
water sealing arrangement.
• The water seal is normally 50 mm to 75 mm deep.

34. Gully trap

35. Intercepting traps
• Intercepting Traps: Intercepting traps is provided at
junction of a house sewer and muncipal sewer for
preventing entry of foul gases of municipal sewer in
to the house drainage system.
• Intercepting trap is provided in the manhole .

36. Intercepting traps

37. Intercepting traps

38. Advantages of intercepting traps
• Foul Gases of larger municipal sewers are prevented
from entering house drainage system.
• Harmful pathogens are not entered in house drains.