This document discusses various types of environmental pollution caused by industrial processes. It describes water pollution sources such as sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural runoff. Air pollutants discussed include NOx, SOx, CO, particulate matter, and their effects on human health and the environment. Noise pollution sources and control methods are also outlined. The document concludes by emphasizing the important role individuals can play in pollution prevention through practices like reducing waste, recycling, and planting trees.

2. Presented by.
Jameel Ahmed Buledi
Assigned by.
Dr. Amna Balouch.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
BY PROCESS INDUSTRIERS

3. contents
Introduction
Types of pollution
Effects of pollution
Measures to control the pollution
Acknowledgment

4. Definition of Pollution
 When Harmful Substances Contaminate the environment it is
Called Pollution.
 It can be physical , chemical or biological change in
environment causes serious damage to environment.

5. Pollutants
 Pollutant - A substance or effect which
adversely alters the environment by changing the growth
rate of species, interferes with the food chain, is toxic, or
interferes with health, comfort amenities or property
values of people

6. Types of Pollution

7. Water
A sustainable source for life .

8. Water Pollution
The Contamination of water with
undesirable substances which make it
unfit for usage is termed water Pollution.

9. Pollution Sources
Point sources are direct discharges to a single point;
examples include discharges from sewage treatment
plants, injection wells and some industrial sources.
Non-point sources are diffused across a broad area and
their contamination cannot be traced to a single
discharge point.
Examples include runoff of excess fertilizers,
herbicides, and insecticides from agricultural lands
and residential areas; oil, grease, and toxic chemicals
from urban runoff and energy production.

11. Surface Water Pollution
Sewage
Industrial effluents
Synthetic detergents
Agrochemicals and oil

12. Domestic Sewage
Refers to waste water that is discarded from
households. Also referred to as sanitary
sewage, such water contains a wide variety of
dissolved and suspended impurities.
It is large by volume and contains impurities
such as organic materials and plant nutrients
that tend to rot.
The main organic materials are food and
vegetable waste, plant nutrient come from
chemical soaps, washing powders, etc.
 Domestic sewage is also very likely to contain
disease-causing microbes.

13. Industrial Effluents
Waste water from manufacturing or chemical
processes in industries
Industrial waste water usually contains specific and
readily identifiable chemical compounds.
Mainly in the form of toxic wastes and organic
pollutants.
Chromium, mercury, lead, copper, cadmium etc

14. Synthetic Detergents And Oils
Added because of washing clothes, cleaning
utensils.
In industries for washing
Add surfactants and soaps to water
Toxic to fish, aquatic life.
Oceans are polluted by oil on a daily basis from
oil spills, routine shipping, run-offs and dumping.
Oil spills make up about 12% of the oil that
enters the ocean. The rest come from
shipping travel, drains and dumping.

15. Agricultural Run Off
Routine applications of fertilizers and pesticides
for agriculture and uncontrolled run off in water
bodies.
Adds Nitrogen and Phosphorus to water
Causes Eutrophication and algal blooms.

16. Ground Water Pollution

17. Fluoride Poisoning
Fluoride had been reported to cause depressions in
DNA and RNA synthesis in cultured cells.
Conditions including ageing, cancer, and
arteriosclerosis are associated with DNA damage and
its disrepair.

18. Fluoride Poisoning

19. Arsenic Poisoning
Arsenic contamination of drinking water causes a
disease called arsenicosis, for which there is no
effective treatment.


20. Effects
 Depletion of dissolved oxygen
Genetic deformities
Blue baby Syndrome
Minamata disease
Itai-Itai

21. DEPLETION OF OXYGEN
Low DO and High
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Biodegradable and organic waste leads to
Oxygen depletion
DO levels less than 4 mg / l disastrous.
Polluted waters have 0 DO

22. Genetic deformities
Water contamination causes “Gene
Mutation”. which is basically a permanent
change in DNA sequence.
It is estimated that 1 out 33 babies born
yearly with documented birth defect.

23. Blue Baby Syndrome
Blue Baby Syndrome or
Methemoglobinemia is caused by
decreased ability of blood to carry
oxygen, resulting in oxygen deficiency
in different body parts.
Infants are more susceptible than
adults.
 The disease can be caused by intake of
water and vegetables high in nitrate,
exposure to chemicals containing
nitrate, or can even be hereditary.
The lips or even the skin start to take
on a blue colouration, hence the
common name, the blue baby
syndrome/ disease.

24. Minamata Disease
First detected in 1956
In Minamata, Japan, mercury was used in
the industrial production of
acetaldehyde.
Discharged into the nearby bay and was
ingested by organisms.
Fish and other creatures in the sea were
soon contaminated and eventually
residents of this area who consumed the
fish suffered from MeHg (methyl mercury)
intoxication

25. ITAI-ITAI
Itai-itai disease ("ouch ouch sickness"),
 Was the documented case of mass cadmium
poisoning in Toyama Prefecture, Japan,
starting around 1912.
 The cadmium poisoning caused softening of the
bones and kidney failure. The disease is named
for the severe pains (Japanese: itai) caused in the
joints and spine.
The cadmium was released into rivers by mining
companies. This Cadmium contaminated water
was used to irrigate rice fields.

26. Control of Water Pollution
Treatment of water before leaving in water
bodies.
Restoration of polluted water bodies.
River Water Monitoring
Maintenance of drain line.

27. Air pollution

28. Air....
Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential
for our bodies to live.
Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, water
vapor, carbon dioxide and inert gases.
Human activities can release substances into the
air, some of which can cause problems to
humans, plants, and animals.
Natural Composition of Gases

29. Definition
Air pollution : An atmospheric condition in
which certain substances (including normal
constituents in excess) are present in
concentrations which can cause undesirable
effects on man and his environment.
They are in the form of gases (Nox, Sox,
CO,VOC); Particulate matter(dust, smoke, fumes,
etc) & Radioactive (rado-222, Iodine-131, etc)

30. Sources of Air Pollution

32. Classification of Air Pollutants
Air pollutants may be particulate or gaseous.
On the basis of origin they are divided as
Primary pollutants ---- Are emitted directly
from the point source. e.g. : CO, NO2, SO2
Secondary pollutants ---- formed by interaction
of primary pollutants
e.g. : PAN, Smog, Ozone etc

33. Criteria of Pollutants
Name of the gas Characteristics Source
Nitrogen dioxide (N2 in air is
oxidized); Nox sum of NO, NO2,
other oxides of N
Brownish gas irritates the
respiratory system originates
from combustion
Burning fuels including
petrol, diesel, and coal
Ground level O3 (primary
constituent of smog)
Reaction of VOC + nox in
presence of heat +sun light
Vehicles and industries are
the major source
Carbon monoxide Reduces bloods ability to carry
O2
Produced by the incomplete
burning of carbon-based
fuels & natural and synthetic
products such as cigarettes
Carbon dioxide Principle greenhouse gas. Emitted as a result of human
activities such as the burning
of coal, oil, and natural gases
Sulphur dioxide Precursor to acid rain along
with Nox
Formed when fuel (coal, oil)
containing S is burned and
metal smelting
Chorofluoro carbon (CFC) Ozone depletion Released from air-
conditioning systems and
refrigeration.
Lead Cause learning disabilities in
children , toxic to liver,
kidney, blood forming organs
Present in petrol, diesel, lead
batteries, paints, hair dye
products, etc
Particulate matter (PM 10 & 2.5)

34. Effects of Air Pollution
Air Pollution affects???
Human health
Animals
Plants
Materials
Environment

35. Effect on Human health
 Main problems are related to Respiratory Track - Asthma, high
fever, and other allergic diseases.
 Irritation of the eye, nose and throat. In severe cases there may
be headaches, nausea, and loss of coordination.
 Prolonged exposure can cause damage to the nervous system,
digestive problems, and in some cases cause Lung cancer.
 It lowers our resistance to colds and pneumonia.
 CO has affinity towards Hb which cause disturbance in
transportation of Oxygen, impairing our concentration, slow our
reflexes, and make us confused and sleepy.
 SO2 in the air leads to diseases of the lung and other lung
disorders such as wheezing and shortness of breath.
 Chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and
even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys.
 Effects of Arsenic, Asbestos, Mercury , Benzene etc.

36. Effect on Plants
Pollutants enter into the plant through stomata
Destroy chlorophyll and Affect photosynthesis
Cuticle( Wax Layer on Leaves) is lost
Necrosis – Damage to Leaf Structure
Chlorosis - Loss/ reduction of Chlorophyll
Abscission - Dropping of leaf
Epinasty – Downward curling of Leaf
DEATH

39. Effect on Animals and materials
Corrosion of metal surfaces, fading
SO2 & water form H2S – corrosion as well
as disfigurement of statues made up of
limestone or Marble
Air pollutants mix with rain water and
increase acidity (Acid Rain) of water body
and kill fish.
Ozone causes crackling of rubber

40. Effect on Environment
Visibility
Pollutants in the presence of sunlight
produce photochemical Smog
Emission of Green House Gases tend to
Global Warming
CFC’s cause Ozone Depletion

41. Control Of Air Pollution
Proper air pollution control devices in industries
Using low sulphur coal
Regular engine tune up, replacement of old more
polluting vehicles
Using mass transport system, bicycles etc
Shifting to less polluting fuels
Planting more trees

43. Effects…?
Oxygen penetration decreases, dissolved
oxygen also reduces as the solubility is
decreased
Heat kills fishes and other aquatic life.
Toxicity of pesticides & chemicals increase
with increase in temperature
Metabolic Activities increase at high temp.
requiring more oxygen.
Spawning is disturbed
Fish migration is affected
Composition of flora & fauna changes-
Temp. tolerant spp. Start developing

44. Control of Thermal pollution
Cooling ponds, cooling towers and spray
ponds

45. Noise pollution
Unwanted and unbearable sound is
“Noise”
Sound travels in form of pressure waves
through air, liquid or soild
Measured on DECIBEL SCALE.
Higher in Industrial area.
80 to 120 dB
Crackers: 125 dB
Construction: 100 dB

46. Sources and effects
Transportation
Heavy Machinery
Construction activities
Celebrations and household
appliances
Physiological and psychological
changes
Interferes communication
Hearing damage
Sleep disturbance

47. Noise standards
Night 10 p.m. to morning 6 a.m.- loud noise banned.
Declaration of Zones

48. Control
•Reduction at the source
•Proper maintenance of
machineries
•Machineries should be covered
•Use of sound absorbing silencers
•Through law
•Planting more trees of broad
leaves

49. Soil pollution
Soil is upper layer of earth crust, contains organic
matter, fertile
Dumping of wastes causes soil pollution
Garbage
Rubbish like glass, plastics, metallic cans, papers,
cloth rags, containers
Discharge of Industrial wastes.
Fly ash from Thermal power plants
Fertilizers and pesticides: DDT, endrin, Lindane.
Sewage sludge and radioactive wastes

50. SOLID WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT
Higher standards of living…generate more
waste
Quantities are enormous
Management is very important
Sources of solid waste include: Waste from
homes, hospitals, industries, parks, gardens,
shops, construction and demolition waste
In each and every action of
humans, Solid waste is generated

51. Two types of Waste:
BIODEGRADABLE
Vegetable waste
Food waste
Tea leaves
Egg shells
Dry leaves
NON-
BIODEGRADABLE
Polythene bags
Glass bottles
Scrap metal
Tins, cans etc
Electronic waste

52. EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE
Waste heap up on roads
Litter surroundings
Foul smells
Vector breeding
BURNING produces toxic gases

53. Management
Following methods in use:
Composting
Sanitary landfill
Incineration
Segregation of waste
Current trends of 3- R’s
Reduce Reuse Recycle

54. Incineration

56. Composting

57. Effects and control
Reduce soil productivity
Affects soil flora and fauna
Sludge contains worms, bacteria and
pathogens.
Radioactive wastes enter food chain:
Strontium 90 mimics calcium.
Treatment before discharge
Convert waste to biogas, fuel etc.
Recover from soil.

58. Role of an Individual in Pollution prevention
Think globally act locally
Use eco-friendly products
Use rechargeable batteries
No to excess pesticides, chemicals, paints,
solvents
Use less or only required quantity of resource
PLANT MORE TREES(local species)
Best from Waste
3 R’S- Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

59. Thank you