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CriminologyChap1.ppt
1.
Chapter 1 What is
Criminology? Frank Schmalleger
2.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 2 What is Crime? Four definitional perspectives Legalistic Political Sociological Psychological
3.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 3 What is Crime? Perspective is important because it determines the assumptions we make and the questions we ask This book uses the legalistic perspective
4.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 4 Legalistic Perspective Crime is defined as: Human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws
5.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 5 Shortcomings of the Legalistic Perspective Yields moral high ground to those with power who ensure they escape the label of “criminal” Insists that the nature of crime and the nature of law cannot be separated – not all immoral acts are contravened by statute Fails to recognize that formal law did not always exist
6.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 6 Political Perspective Crime - the result of criteria that have been built into the law by powerful groups and are then used to label selected undesirable forms of behavior as illegal Laws serve the interests of the politically powerful Crimes are behaviors those in power perceive as threats to their interests
7.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 7 Sociological (Sociolegal) Perspective Crime – an antisocial act of such a nature that its repression is necessary or is supposed to be necessary to the preservation of the existing system of society Crime is an offense against human relationships first, a violation of law second
8.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 8 Psychological (Maladaptive) Perspective Crime - problem behavior, especially human activity that contravenes the criminal law and results in difficulties in living within a framework of generally acceptable social arrangements Includes any harmful or potentially harmful behaviors
9.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 9 Crime and Deviance Deviant behavior – any activity that violates social norms Deviance and crime overlap – not identical Unusual dress styles = deviance Indecent exposure = crime
10.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 10 What Should be Criminal? Lack agreement about appropriate legal status of many behaviors Two contrasting perspectives Consensus Pluralist
11.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 11 Perspectives Consensus Laws are enacted to criminalize given forms of behavior when agreed upon by members of society Most applicable to homogeneous societies Pluralist Behaviors typically criminalized through a political process, after debate over appropriate course of action Legislation, appellate court action Most applicable to diverse societies
12.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 12 What Do Criminologists Do? Criminologist – studies crime, criminals and criminal behavior Criminalist – a specialist in the collection and examination of the physical evidence of crime Criminal Justice Professionals – do the day-to-day work of the criminal justice system
13.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 13 Academic/Research Criminologists Characteristics of academic and research criminologists Ph.D. in criminology, criminal justice, or related field Teach in colleges and universities Most conduct research designed to advance criminological knowledge Most write for publication in journals
14.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 14 What is Criminology? Text’s definition of criminology: An interdisciplinary profession built around the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior, including their manifestations, causes, legal aspects, and control Focus on causes of criminality
15.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 15 What is Criminology? Social scientific discipline Interdisciplinary
16.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 16 Criminal Justice Criminal justice: Application of the criminal law and study of the components of the justice system Police, courts, corrections Focus on control of lawbreaking
17.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 17 Theoretical Criminology Subfield of general criminology Primarily found in colleges and universities Posits explanations for criminal behavior
18.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 18 Theoretical Criminology Theory Made up of clearly stated propositions that posit relationships, often of a causal sort, between events and things under study Criminologists have developed many theories to explain and understand crime
19.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 19 Theoretical Criminology General theory – tries to explain all/most forms of crime through a single overarching approach Integrated theory – tries to explain crime by merging concepts from different sources
20.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 20 Criminology and Social Policy Social policy includes government initiatives, programs, plans to address problems in society Should be linked to objective findings of well-conducted criminological research
21.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 21 Social Policy and Public Crime Concerns Concern about crime not always related to actual incidence of crime Crime rates declining since mid-1990s Polls show majority of respondents believe crime more prevalent today than a year ago Crime, terrorism, national security major concerns in U.S. today Concern about crime an important factor in determining public policy – political agendas focusing on reducing crime well-received
22.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 22 Theme of This Book Social Problems Crime a manifestation of social problems Public health model to deal with crime Large-scale government expenditures Social programs addressing roots of crime Macro approach Social Responsibility People responsible for own behavior, choose crime over other legitimate options Personalized crime reduction strategies Micro approach
23.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 23 Social Context of Crime Each crime has a unique set of Causes Consequences Participants Some people more affected than others Crime provokes reactions from many sources
24.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 24 Making Sense of Crime Crime is a social event Crime is not an isolated individual activity Crime is a social construction Crime may have many causes and many meanings
25.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 25 Social Relativity Crime is socially relative: Social events are interpreted differently according to the cultural experiences and personal interests of the initiator, observer, or recipient of the behavior Crime means different things to different people
26.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 26 Causes and Consequences of Crime
27.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 27 Causes and Consequences of Crime Crime results from the coming together of inputs provided by Offender Justice system Victim Society
28.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 28 Offender Contributions Background features Life experiences Biology and personality Values/beliefs Skills/knowledge Foreground contributions Motivation Intent State of mind (drug-induced)
29.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 29 Justice System Contributions Background contributions - failure to: Prevent crime Identify/inhibit specific offenders Prevent release of recidivists Immediate contributions – features of situation Presence/absence of police officers Availability of official assistance Willingness of officers to intervene pre-crime Response time
30.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 30 Victim Contributions Background contributions Passive presence Active contributions through lifestyle Victim precipitation Active victim participation in initial stages of criminal event Victim instigates chain of events resulting in victimization
31.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 31 Society’s Contributions Background contributions Generic social practices and conditions Socialization process Foreground contributions Distribution of resources Accessibility of services
32.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 32 Immediate Effects of Crime Outputs affect all parties involved Impact affected by perceptual filters Results in ongoing interpretations before, during, after crime Everyone associated with a crime engages in interpretations
33.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 33 Integrative Approach to Crime Attempt to identify and understand multiple causes of crime Highlight the processes involved in the criminal event as it unfolds Analyze the interpretation of the crime phenomenon
34.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 34 Integrative Approach to Crime Crime viewed along a temporal continuum as an emergent activity that: Arises out of past complex causes Assumes a course that builds upon immediate interrelationships among everyone involved Elicits a formal response from the justice system, shapes public perceptions, and may give rise to changes in social policy
35.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 35 The Primacy of Sociology? Most criminologists operate primarily from a sociological perspective Many theories of criminal behavior based in sociology E.g., the social problems/social responsibility dichotomy
36.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 36 The Primacy of Sociology? Advantages Crime is a social phenomenon Much contemporary criminology rests on tradition of social scientific investigation Problems Reluctant to accept findings from other disciplines Frequently unable to integrate these findings into existing sociological understandings of crime Unable to show effective ways to control crime
37.
Criminology Today, 5th
ed Frank Schmalleger © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 37 Conclusion Crime an “emergent phenomenon” – very complex Criminology must focus on understanding the social phenomenon of crime Crime includes many different forms of behavior, each subject to personal, political, definitional vagaries
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