Finns egentligen bara två (tre) alternativ…
En investerare har egentligen bara tre alternativ:
• Fundamental analys - Bedöma en tillgångs underliggande värde och
köpa/sälja när priset avviker från det underliggande (”intrinsic”)
värdet.
• Teknisk analys - Basera beslut enbart på förväntningar om framtida
värde. Inkluderar till viss del momentum-strategier. Pågående
diskussion på forumet.
• (Indexsparande – inte ha någon åsikt om pris kontra värde eller
framtida värde. Mitt eget tillägg).
Marks syn på teknisk analys
”I liken it to trying to guess whether the next persom to come around
the corner will be male or female. The way I see it, day traders
considered themselves succesful if they bought a stock at $10 and sold
at $11, bought it back next week at $24 and sold at $25 and bought i
later at $39 and sold it $40. If you can’t see the flaw in this – you
probably should not read the rest of the book…”
Två skolor inom fundamental analys
• Value investors (”värdeinvesterare”) buy stocks, even those whose
intrinsic value may show little growth in the future, out of conviction
that the current value is high relative to the current price.
• Growth investors buy stocks, even those whose current value is low
relative to their current price, because they believe the value will grow
fast enough in the future to produce substantial appreciation.
Thus, it seems to me, the choice isn’t really between value and growth,
but between value today and value tomorrow. Growth investing
represents a bet on company performance that may or may not
materialize in the future, while value investing is based primarly on
analysis of company’s current worth.
Joel Greenblatt
”I always tell my students, ”If you do a good job valuing a stock, I
guarantee that the market will agree with you.” I just don’t tell them
when. It could be weeks or years. Graham said that the market is a
”weighing machine” over the long term, even if it is often emotional
over the short term. In my experience with the stock markets, two or
three years is generally enough time for the market to get it ”right”. If
you read the newspaper every day, this is often a tougher wait than it
sounds.”
”Unless you buy at the exact bottom, which is next to impossible, you
will be down at some point after you make every investment.”
(Ytterligare ett perspektiv: rädslan för att bli förödmjukad…)
Irrational exuberance, maj 2000
”Investors with no knowledge of (or concern for) profits, dividends,
valuation or the conduct of business simply cannot posses the resolve
to do the right thing at the right time. With everyone around them
buying and making money, they can’t know when a stock is is too high
and therefore resist joining in. And with a market in freefall, they can’t
possibly have the confidence needed to hold or buy at severly reduced
prices.”
Relation mellan pris och värde
• ”Investment succes doesn’t come form ”buying good things”, but
rather from ”buying things well”.
• ”It has been demonstrated time and time again that no asset is so
good that it can’t become a bad investment bought at too high price.
And there are few assets so bad that they can’t be good investment
when bought cheap enough.”
• Vi skulle aldrig köpa en bil till vilket pris som helst. Men det är mycket
enklare att värdera en bil än t.ex. Tesla-aktien…
• ”Well bought is half sold” – (löser många av senare problem och
misstag).
Indexfond ger ”fair” avkastning
”It’s a fundamental premise of the efficient market hypothesis – and it
makes perfect sense – that if you buy something for it’s fair value, you
can expect a return that is fair given the risk.
But active investors aren’t in it for fair riskadjusted returns; they want
superior returns. If you will be satisfied with fair returns, why not invest
passively in an index fund and save a lot of trouble?
Psykologi
The discipline that is most important to master is not accounting or
economics, but psychology. [] It’s impossible to overstate how
important this is. [] Whereas the key to ascertaining value is skilled
financial analysis, the key to understanding price/value relationship –
and the outlook for it – lies laregely in insight into other investors’
minds. Investor psychology can cause a security to be preiced just
about anywhere in the short run, regardless of its fundamentals.
The key is who like the investment now and who doesn’t. Future prices
changes will be determined by whether it comes to be liked by more
people or fewer people in the future. Investing is a popularity contest,
and the most dangerous thing is to buy something at the peak of
poppularity.
Psykologi forts.
The human side of investing is the critical side. It’s certainly an area in
which superior investors must excel, since financial analysis won’t
guarantee superior performance if your reactions to developments are
skewed by psychology just like those of others. Thus my third key
relates to control over emotion and ego.
Accomplishing this is quite difficult, since everything in the investing
world conspires to make investors to do the wrong thing at the wrong
time. We are all only human, so the challenge is to perform better than
other investors even though we start with the same wiring.
Bubblor – överdriven psykologi
• Alla bubblor startar med ett korn av sanning:
• Internet kommer förändra världen (1999)
• Tulpaner är vackra och sällsynta (Holland, 1600-talet)
• Bostadsmarknaden utvecklas i takt med inflation och alla behöver någonstans
att bo.
• Ju mer priserna ökar desto enklare är det att tjäna pengar och desto
mindre tänker man på det underliggande värdet / korrekt pris.
• ”People should like something less when it’s price rises, but in
investing they often like it more. This is uncanny but often true.
People are attracted to those investements that have performed well
lately. They are also attracted to professional managers who have
performed well lately though there is usually not much correlation
with that managers future performance.”(Avsnitt #123)
Marks tankar…
• Unfortunately, the greater fool theory works only until it doesn’t.
• The positives behind a stock can be geunine and still produce losses if you
overpay for them.
• Those positives – and the massive profits that seemingly everyone else is
enjoying – can eventually cause those who have resisted in participating to
capitulate and buy.
• A ”top” in a stock or market occurs when the last holdout who will become a
buyer does so. The timing is often unrelated to fundamental developments.
• ”Prices are too high” if far from synonymous with ”the next move will be
downward”. Things can be overpriced and stay so for a long time… or
become far more so.
• Eventually, though, valuation has to matter.