sequences that are conserved in various organisms

1. I PG BIOINFORMATICS
19PBI003
R. JANANI

2.  conserved sequences are identical or
similar sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or
proteins.
 species (orthologous), or within
a genome (paralogous ), or between donor and
receptor taxa (xenologous).
 conservation indicates that a sequence has been
maintained by natural selection.

3.  a conserved sequence is consistent among species
(nucleic acid sequence or amino acid sequence).
 sequence that is more commonly found there, is
known as the consensus sequence.

4.  sequence that is remained relatively unchanged far
back up the phylogenetic tree, and hence far back
in geological time.
 examples : RNA components of ribosomes, the homo
box sequences widespread among eukaryotes, and
the tnrna in bacteria.
 used in fields of genomics,proteomics, evolutionary
biology, phylogenteics, bioinformatics
and mathematics.

5.  have slower rates of mutation than the background
mutation rate.
 occur in coding and non-coding nucleic acid
sequences
 coding sequence: it has a functional value
 Non-coding sequence: it is important for gene
regulation

6.  the extent to which a sequence is conserved can be
affected by
 selection pressures,
 robustness to mutation,
 population size and
 genetic drift.

7.  Conserved sequences are typically identified
by bioinformatics approaches.
 homology search tools
 BLAST
 HMMER
 Infernal
 Output in multiple sequence alignment of protein
and nucleotides.

8. EXTERME CONSERVATIONS:
1.ULTRA-CONSERVED ELEMENTS:
sequences that are highly similar or identical
across multiple taxonomic groups.
Eg. Vertebrates
2.UNIVERSALLY CONSERVED GENES:
these consist mainly of the ncRNAs and proteins
required for transcription and translation.

9.  PHYLOGENETICS AND TAXONOMY
 generating phylogenetic trees.
 MEDICAL RESEARCH
 identifying the cause of genetic diseases.
 studying the effects of knocv-outs of the genes.
 FUNCTIONAL ANNOTATION
 to discover and predict functional sequences such as
genes.
 Eg. Pfam cand Conserved Domain Database

10. THANK YOU