1. Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy

2. Pregnancy It is a period of great physiological and stress for the woman-birth to a foetus Foetal development is accompanied –physiological , biochemical and hormonal changes in the maternal body –nutrients and efficiency Increases basal metabolic rate , gastrointestinal changes ,hormonal changes ,changes in the body fluid ,altered renal function

3. Risk factor- Onset of Pregnancy Age less than 15 yrs or more than 35 Frequent pregnancy Poor obstetric history /poor foetal performance Poverty Bizzare food habits Abuse of caffine,nicotine,alcohol or drugs Inadeguate wt

4. Risk Factor-During Pregnancy Low/ HP-Less than 12.0 g per 100 ml blood Inadequate wt gain Any wt loss Wt gain less than 1 kg per month after 1 trimester Excessive wt gain

5. Diet and feeding pattern Basic principle is same as normal adults Early 3 mths- suffers from vomiting,nausea Physiological and hormonal changes occur Small amt of food with increased frequency Give -Biscuits, bread ,fruit etc Avoid-Rich,fried ,strongly flavoured and highly spiced food

6. Things to keep in mind 1st trimester-nutrient intake need not be increased 2nd and 3rd trimester-extra food like snacks to be given in between meals-increase the frequency of feeding-5 meals a day Protein food like milk,meat,egg,fish ,pulses,groundnuts,soyabean etc Calcium and iron need-whole grains , pulses ,leafy vegs, dried fruits etc

7. Due to foetal pressure constipation is common Large quantities of dietary fibre-freash fruits and vegs ,whole grain cereals ,plenty of fluid Full of nutritious and well balanced diet Need of Iodine increases due to stress

8. Diet of Lactating Mother Lactation period is the duration when mother breastfeeds her child Nutritional dietary intake shd be enough –milk production for the baby Inadequate intake –reduces milk secretion and change the composition Reqt:550 cal more than pregnant woman Whole grain, juices, soups, veg and plenty of water

9. Diet in an infancy –birth to 1 year Infant-rapid growth and development Infant is completely dependent –develops fair degree of physical and mental ability, motion deve, walks,holdobjects along with emotional and psychological –near and dear ones

10. Breast Feeding Natural method of feeding-Breast feedingProvides all the nutrients – Contains Fats – is highly emulsified so easy to digest Lactose-Natural sweetness-Calcium and iron absorption Protein –Low amt –reduces pressure on kidney to excrete extra nitrogen Vit C content is retained

11. Anti –infective Breast feeding is very hygienic –straight from mother’s breast to child’s mouth No chance of contamination and infection Contains antistaphylococcal factor –prevents growth of bacteria in the infants intestines Gastric juice of breast milk is acidic and hence destroys micro-organisms that enter stomach

12. Source of natural immunity First 2 -3 days mothers milk is yellowish known as colostrum Contains antibodies- natural immunity in the child-protects from various infectious disease Colostrum is very rich in nutrients – shd not be discarded at all Anti –allergic properties does not affect the infants

13. Psychological advantages Healthy, happy and emotional relationship –mom and child Infants grow well on exclusively breast feeding Baby does not even need water supplements

14. Weaning Is the art of gradually introducing food other than breast feeding Mothers milk + additional food Cereal porridge soaked in milk or water Modified food-mashed rice-dal,dal-roti –sabji Traditional Food-Khichedi,idli,upma,sujji Home based instant food-roasted cereals and pulses Mashed fruits and cooked mashed veg

15. Intro new foods One food to be introduce at a time Consistency of food as per child’s age-liquid-semi-solid-solid Small quantities ,gradually increase Never force to feed the child No spicy food or oily food Include variety to make food appealing To attract attention –consider colour, flavour, texture and shape of the food Don’t show personal prejudice towards food

16. Day’s Diet-Pregnant Breakfast •½ cup (125 mL) cottage cheese•½ cup (125 mL) berries (fresh or frozen)•1 cup (250 mL) whole-grain cereal with skim or 1% milk•1 cup (250 mL) coffee or tea Snacks 1 tbsp (15 mL) peanut butter•4 to 6 whole-biscuits•1 cup (250 mL) skim or 1% milk

17. Lunch: Chana Curry,StuffedTindas,MintRaita,Salad,Rice/Chappatis Snacks: Banana Shake,Poha Dinner: Pea Paneer Curry, Mix Veg(dry),Chapattis/Rice,Fruit Custard Age: 25 Activity : Moderate Food Habit: Vegetarian

18. Day’s Diet for Lactating Woman Breakfast: Tea,BesanRoti,Onion,Chutney,Jaggery Mid Morning Snacks: Butter milk ,Dalia Lunch: Roti,Sproutedmoong,Salad,BesanLaddoo Snacks:Tea,Groundnut roasted Dinner: Dal,Potato Onion Veg,Rice/Chapattis Bed time: Milk