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Chapter 1 Outline I. Thinking About Development A. What Is Human Development? 1. Human development is the multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time. 2. The science of human development (1) reflects the complexity and uniqueness of each person and their experiences, (2) seeks to understand commonalities and patterns across people, (3) is firmly grounded in theory, and (4) seeks to understand human behavior. B. Recurring Issues in Human Development: Three fundamental issues dominate the study of human development. 1. Nature Versus Nurture is the degree to which genetic influences (nature) or experiential/environmental influences (nurture) determine the kind of person you are. Despite the ongoing debate as to which influence is greater, theorists and researchers recognize that development is always shaped by both—nature and nurture are mutually interactive influences. 2. Continuity Versus Discontinuity focuses on whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the life span (continuity) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity). 3. Universal Versus Context-Specific Development focuses on whether there is just one path of development or several. In other words, does development follow the same general path in all people, or is it fundamentally different, depending on the sociocultural context? C. Basic Forces in Human Development: The Biopsychosocial Framework. This framework emphasizes that these four forces are mutually interactive and that development cannot be understood by examining them in isolation. By combining the four developmental forces, we have a view of human development that encompasses the life span, yet appreciates the unique aspects of each phase of life. 1. Biological forces include genetic and health-related factors that affect development. Some biological forces, such as puberty and menopause, are universal and affect people across generations, whereas others, such as diet or disease, affect people in specific generations or occur in a small number of people. 2. Psychological forces include all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development. Psychological forces are the ones used most often to describe the characteristics of a person and have received the most attention. 3. Sociocultural forces include interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development. Culture refers to the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors associated with a group of people. Overall, sociocultural forces provide the context or backdrop for development. Consequently, there is a need for research on different cultural groups. Another practical problem is how to describe racial and ethnic groups. 4. Life-cycle forces reflect differences in how the same event affects people of different ages. The influence of life-cycle forces reflects the influences of biological, psychological, and sociocultural force ...
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1.
Part I Introduction
Chapter One Defining Development Five Characteristics of Development Developmental Study as a Science Cautions from Science
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Five Characteristics of
Development
10.
11.
Gains and Losses
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
The Three Domains
20.
Biosocial Domain
21.
Cognitive Domain
22.
Psychosocial Domain
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
The Experiment
30.
31.
32.
Studying Change over
Time
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
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