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1. ASSIGNMENT NO.02
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
SUB: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
DATE: 17/10/2019
SUBMITTED BY
GROUP NO.01
MEMBERS
AARISH KANTH
AMALA SATHEESH V
CHIPPY S NAIR
RIJO VARGHESE
MOHAMMAD ASLAM ABBAS
JERIN B MONACHAN
VIKNESH M
SUBMITTED TO
NISHA.S
Faculty (environmental
management)

2. INTRODUCTION
Water is the basic necessity of life, not only for human beings, but also for plants and
animals. Life began in water and it is a basic component of every living cell. Water accounts
for 65% of our body weight. If we lost even 12% of it, we would die. About 83% of our
blood is water. It helps digest our food, take in oxygen, transport body wastes and control
body temperature. We need water in almost every domestic activity, from cooking and
washing to bathing and sanitation.
Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and
managing the optimum use of water resources.
Water scarcity affects more than 40% of the global population. Water-related disasters
account for 70% of all deaths related to natural disasters. The World Bank helps countries
ensure sustainability of water use, build climate resilience and strengthen integrated
management.
Water resources management refers to a whole range of different activities: monitoring,
modeling, exploration, assessment, design of measures and strategies, implementation of
policy, operation and maintenance, and evaluation. It also covers supportive activities such as
institutional reform. Water resources management includes local, national and international
activities, directed at either the short or the long term. As such, water resources management
is rather a diffuse field. It includes the whole set of scientific, technical, institutional,
managerial, legal, and operational activities required to plan, develop, operate, and manage
water resources.
METHODS OF WATER MANAEGMENT
1. Rainwater Harvesting System
2. Groundwater recharge
3. Greywater System
4. Recycling wastewater/ STP system
5. Retrofit water conservation
6. Behavioral Practices

3. 1. Rain water Harvesting System:
Rainwater harvesting system is collection of rainwater from the surface which directly
receives rainfall. Rainwater harvesting system can be rooftop rainwater harvesting or
artificial groundwater recharging. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is quite popular since it can
either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial recharge system.
2. Groundwater recharge:
Groundwater recharge is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface
water to groundwater. Recharge occurs both naturally and artificially. In natural groundwater
recharge, groundwater is recharged naturally by rain and snow melt and to a smaller extent by
surface water such as rivers and lakes. Artificial groundwater recharge is a successful method
in order to purify surface water and to improve the water management. Artificial groundwater
recharge is the infiltration of surface water into shallow aquifers to increase the quantity of
groundwater. The volume-rate abstracted from an aquifer in the long term should be less than
or equal to the volume-rate that is recharged.
3. Greywater System:
Greywater is wastewater from non-toilet plumbing systems such as hand basins, washing
machines, showers and baths. Most Greywater is easier to treat and recycle than blackwater,
because of lower levels of contaminants. The method and standard of treatment in a
Greywater system will vary with the size of the system. Pipes and supply points on the
Greywater system must be clearly labeled in order to avoid confusion with the mains drinking
water. Greywater systems can help you save 35% to 40% on your annual water bill.
4. Recycling wastewater/ STP system:
Recycling wastewater involves Greywater system and blackwater system. Greywater is easier
to treat and recycle than blackwater. Blackwater contains bacteria that can cause disease.
That’s why communities build wastewater treatment plants and enforce laws against the
release of raw sewage into the environment. Sewage Treatment plant system are used to
recycle blackwater. In recent years, there has been growing interest in waste-water reuse as a
major component of water demand management.

4. 5. Retrofit water conservation
Retrofitting involves the replacement of existing plumbing equipment with equipment that
uses less water. Retrofit programs are permanent, one-time conservation measures that can be
implemented with little or no additional cost over their lifetimes. The most successful water-
saving fixtures are those which operate in the same manner as the fixtures they are replacing
such as dual flush toilet system, shower flow restrictors, low-flow showerheads etc. A retrofit
program involves the use of education programs to let users know which fixtures are best,
where to get them, and how to install them.
6. Behavioral Practices
Behavioral practices involve modifying water use habits to achieve more efficient use of
water, thus reducing overall water consumption. Changes in water use behavior can be
implemented without modifying existing equipment. Behavioral practices involve water
conservation measures such as replacing or repairing leaky faucets, awareness activities to
promote sustainable management of water resources etc.
CONSERVATION OF WATER RESOURCES
“Water water everywhere, not a drop to drink.” Water is indeed an essential resource for life
on earth. Research shows that by 2025 India, along with many other countries will face a
serious scarcity of water. Many regions in our country are currently undergoing the process
of water stress. India’s socio-economic development has a lot to contribute to decreasing
water resources. Rising population, industrialization, urbanization and modernization of
agriculture are some of the main reasons for water shortages in many parts of the country. So
water resources must be conserved.
CONSERVATION OF WATER
Conservation of water means a careful and economical use of water. We should conserve
water as it is a precious natural resource. Conservation of water can happen in the following
ways.
 DAMS
 RAINWATER HARVESTING
 BAMBOO DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

5. DAMS
Dams are simply hydraulic structures that act as a barrier between the source and destination
of flowing water. Depending on its needs the water flow can be obstructed, redirected or
slowed down using a dam. The barrier often creates a small reservoir or a lake, collecting the
excess flow of water. Dams can also be low, medium or high in height, depending on their
location and usage. Over usage of dams can reduce the aquatic life of the river, on which they
flow. Long-lasting methods of saving our water resources. People use most dams for
irrigation while some dams are used for generating Electricity [hydropower].
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and storage of rainwater for reuse on-site.
Rainwater harvesting is one of the most efficient and effective ways of conserving water. It is
more like the recycling of natural water. In this, the rooftop rainwater harvesting is a common
practice in states like Rajasthan, West Bengal and major parts of South India, where rainfall is
usually heavy. People connect PVC pipes to a drain on their roof and the rainwater is collected
below in large storage tanks. This water is then utilized for daily needs even after rains are
over and use for cultivation. Industries can also harvest rainwater for use in some of their
processes. Rainwater harvesting systems are considerably easy to maintain. Rainwater
harvesting systems are cost effective, provide high quality water, reduce dependence on
wells. We basically harvest rainwater for free because it is naturally occurring. If you store
enough water during the rainy season, you may never have to pay for water services. It helps
to reduce soil erosion.
BAMBOO DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
This is an indigenous method which has been in practice for about 200 years in the north-
eastern states of India. While this practice helps conserve the region’s water resources, it also
helps in irrigation of local farms and fields. People use bamboo pipes for tapping the waters of
streams and springs. This method is most practised in North Eastern states, for irrigation of
farms as well as save the local water resources. Bamboo pipes flow water over a long distance
and end up in drips when they reach the plants. Water is used at maximum level. Drip
irrigation is the system’s ability to efficiently water plants because of controlled delivery of
water directly to the ground.

6. CHALLENGES IN WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Water distinguishes our planet compared to all the others we know about. While the global
supply of available freshwater is more than adequate to meet all current and foreseeable water
demands, its spatial and temporal distributions are not. There are many regions where our
freshwater resources are inadequate to meet domestic, economic development and
environmental needs. In such regions, the lack of adequate clean water to meet human
drinking water and sanitation needs is indeed a constraint on human health and productivity
and hence on economic development as well as on the maintenance of a clean environment
and healthy ecosystems.
We face multiple challenges in doing that, especially given a changing and uncertain future
climate, and a rapidly growing population that is driving increased social and economic
development, globalization, and urbanization. How best to meet these challenges requires
research in all aspects of water management. The main challenges in water resource
management are follows:-
 CLIMATE CHANGE:
While we have always had to deal with a variable climate, the majority of studies, analyses
and management techniques have been based on the belief that the hydrological series was
stationary, i.e. while there may be fluctuations, the mean value would remain roughly the
same. There is now mounting evidence of trends in hydrological series. Many areas face a
drying and warming climate and thus potentially less water availability.
 INCREASING VULNERABILITY TO SEVERE WEATHER EVENTS:
The Intergovernmental panel on climate change- Technical Paper on Climate Change and
Water highlights the potential for more frequent and more severe weather events. With
increasing populations at risk and the potential for a shift in the risk profile in many areas,
safety of life and property will remain high on the agenda.
 GROWING URBAN DEMAND:
The population of urban centres continues to grow and urban areas continue to spread, thus
placing greater pressure on water supply systems as well as reducing the availability of arable
land, and, in some cases, placing increased pressure on water supply catchments.

7.  OVER-ALLOCATION OF EXISTING SUPPLIES:
The water in many supply systems has been allocated on the basis of past availability or
existing demand and has not been kept in line with current or future availability. Thus, many
systems are over-allocated.
 UNRESTRICTED EXTRACTIONS:
In many areas, there are no management plans or restrictions on water extractions (for
example, pumping from rivers and groundwater extractions). These have resulted in less
water being available and have in some case led to mining of the resource. The expansion of
farm dams in some areas also reduces the supply of water entering river systems.
 LAND-USE CHANGE:
Clear-felling, expanding plantations and the opening of new areas to agriculture all have
impacts on the water resource; unintended events, such as bushfires, can lead to a reduction
in the availability of water and water-quality problems. Changes to land use, even within
agricultural areas, have implications for both water availability and water use.
 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS:
There has been an increasing emphasis on the requirement for environmental flows to
maintain ecosystems such as wetland and in-stream environments. Community expectations
are that we should see the environment as a rightful and high-priority user of water.

8. PURPOSE OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
 Water is a limited resource
 Sustainability of human generation
 To preserve our environment
 It is important to prevent floods, desert and drought
 Water resource laws to address the quality of water and pollution
CAUSES OF WATER RELATED PROBLEMS IN INDIA
 Highly uneven distribution of water availability, often leading to floods and
droughts.
 Rampant pollution of freshwater resources mainly by agricultural, industrial
and municipal activities.
 Uncontrolled use of the bore-wells that has allowed extraction of groundwater
at very high rates, often exceeding recharge.
 Inadequate attention to water conservation, efficiency in water use, water
reuse, groundwater recharge, and eco-system sustainability.
 Very low water prices, which do not discourage wastage.
FUTURE OF WATER
• By 2020 about 30-40% of the world will have water scarcity, and according to the
researchers, climate change can make this even worse.
• With only 7% of the world’s freshwater, China plans to produce 807 million
gallons a day from desalination by 2020, roughly quadruple the country’s current
capacity.
• By 2025, an estimated 1.8 billion people will live in areas plagued by water
scarcity, with two-thirds of the world’s population living in water-stressed regions.

9. • UN studies project that 30 nations will be water scarce in 2025, up from 20 in
1990.
• Water demand in India will reach 1.5 trillion cubic meters in 2030 while India’s
current water supply is only 740 billion cubic meters.
• By the year 2040 there will not be enough water in the world to quench the thirst
of the world population and keep the current energy and power solutions going if
we continue doing what we are doing today.
LATEST NEWS
1. JAPAN WILL HAVE TO DUMP RADIOACTIVE FUKUSHIMA WATER INTO
PACIFIC
The operator of the ruined Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant will have to dump
huge quantities of contaminated water from the site directly into the Pacific Ocean.
More than 1 million tonnes of contaminated water has accumulated at the plant since
it was struck by a tsunami in March 2011, triggering a triple meltdown that forced the
evacuation of tens of thousands of residents. Currently, more than 1m tonnes of
contaminated water is held in almost 1,000 tanks at the Fukushima Daiichi site, but
the utility has warned that it will run out of tank space by the summer of 2022. Any
decision to dispose of the waste water into the sea would anger local fishermen, who
have spent the past eight years rebuilding their industry.Nearby South Korea has also
voiced concern over the impact it would have on the reputation of its own seafood.
2. A PACIFIC PARADISE IS GETTING BURIED UNDER TONNES OF PLASTIC
WASTE
Henderson Island is an uninhabited coral atoll that lies almost exactly halfway
between New Zealand and Peru, with 5,500km of ocean in either direction. Despite its
extreme isolation, a freak confluence of geography and ocean currents means
Henderson has one of the highest concentrations of plastic pollution on the planet.
Along a 2.5km stretch of sandy beach, an estimated 18 tonnes of plastic has

10. accumulated over decades at a rate of several thousand pieces of plastic every day.
The atoll’s ecosytem is so rich that Henderson was included on the UN World
Heritage List in 1988, with the body hailing it as an untouched paradise. But three
decades later, the gyre has become a marine conveyor belt dumping endless waves of
plastic detritus onto Henderson’s coast.
3. FISHES DYING DUE TO CANCER DEVELOPED IN POLLUTED WATER
BODIES IN MADHYAPRADHESH
The College of Fishery Science, Jabalpur, after testing the samples of dead fishes over
a span of past four years concluded fishes died after developing cancer-specially skin
cancer in them. The problem is more pertinent in fishes of still water bodies, but
fishes in rivers are also under threat. Cancer develops in fishes found in water bodies
with high level of heavy metals and plastic. If any humans consume a fish with deadly
disease, they would also get ill due to hydro aquatic bacteria and may have problems
like vomiting, upset stomach and diarrhoea.” A very common symptoms of deadly
disease in a fish is reduction in natural shine of the fish.
4. WATER CONSERVATION IN INDIA: HOW TO MANAGE WATER AND
WHAT TO LEARN FROM ISRAEL?
The water requirement for agriculture is considerably high in India. Out of our total
groundwater availability, we use 6% for domestic use and another 5% for industrial
purpose. The remaining 89% goes for agriculture .Our studies say that to grow one
kilogramme of paddy, we consume 5,600 litres of water whereas China produces the
same amount of paddy with just 330-340 litres of water.
Learning from Israel
Israel has become a perfect example for the world for water conservation as it treats
about 94 % of its wastewater and recycles around 85% water. Israel is expecting to
bring this level to 90% over the next five-seven years. India has to first put into place
rainwater collection systems. Also, India has to make sure that the water collected
does not get contaminated.

11. Israel is one such country that ensures more than 50 % of its water is man-made. It
means that the water created by us out of wastewater, or through desalination. Israel
recycles every drop of wastewater and makes it available to use. Micro-irrigation in
Israel is not only visible in farms but also in grass lawns, public gardens and even
plants grown inside the houses.
CONCLUSION
Clean, fresh water is a limited resource. With all the severe droughts happening in the world,
the limited supply of fresh water is becoming one of our most precious resources. Every
person on earth needs water to survive. Without it, many of us would get sick and even result
in death.
While almost 70% of the Earth is made up of water, many parts of the world suffer from
clean water shortage. Conserving water is important because it keeps water pure and clean
while protecting the environment.
Conserving water means using our water supply wisely and be responsible. As every
individual depends on water for livelihood, we must learn how to keep our limited supply of
water pure and away from pollution. Keeping our water supply safe and pure will protect the
water for the generations to come