ABS-CBN Memories with Zab Ademarrab and 6 others.
September 18 at 9:45pm ·
PINOY MANO-MANO: Celebrity Boxing Challenge (2007-2008).
Hosted By Cesar Montano & Bayani Agbayani
2. Life Stages
Life Stages:
Infancy-birth to 1 year
Early childhood- 1 to 6 years
Middle childhood- 6 to 12 years
Adolescence- 12 to 20 years
Early adulthood - 20 to 40 years
Middle adulthood- 40 to 65 years
Late adulthood- 65 years and up
3. As individuals pass through these life stages, four main type of
growth and development occur:
1. Physical: refers to body growth and includes
height and weight changes, muscle
and nerve development, and
changes in body organs.
2. Mental: refers to development of the mind
and includes learning how to solve
problems, make judgments, and deal
with situations.
4. 3. Emotional: refers to feelings and includes
dealing with love, hate, joy, fear,
excitement, and other similar
feelings.
4. Social: refers to interactions and relationships
with others
5. Forming a New Life
Fertilization (conception) – union of sperm and ovum to
produce a zygote.
Zygote – celled organism resulting from fertilization.
Dizygotic Twins (Fraternal Twins) – twins conceived by
the two union of two different ova (a single ovum that has
split) – no more alike genetically than any other siblings
and need not even be of the same sex.
Monozygotic Twins (Identical Twins) - twins resulting
from the division of a single zygote after fertilization –
genetically similar.
6. DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) – chemical that carries
inherited instructions for the development of all
cellular forms of life.
Genetic Code – sequence of bases within the DNA
molecule; governs the formation of proteins that
determine the structure and functions of living cells.
Chromosomes – coils of DNA that consist of genes.
7. Genes – small segments of DNA located in definite
positions on particular chromosomes; functional units of
heredity.
Human Genome – complete sequence of genes in the
human body.
Autosomes – in humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes not
related to sexual expression.
Sex Chromosomes – pair of chromosomes that determines
sex: XX in the normal human female, XY in the normal
human male.
8. Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
Pattern/ Name Typical Characteristics Incidence Treatment
XXY Male: tall stature; tendency toward low IQ,
especially verbal.
1 in 1,000 male births No special treatment
XXX (triple X)
Female: normal appearance, menstrual
irregularities, learning disorders, mental
retardation.
1 in 1,000 female
births
Special education
XXY (kleinfelter) Male; sterility, underdeveloped secondary
sex characteristics small testes, learning
disorders.
1 in 1,000 male births Hormone therapy, special
education
XO (Turner) Female; short stature, webbed neck,
impaired spatial abilities, no menstruation,
infertility, underdeveloped sex organs,
incomplete development of secondary sex
characteristics.
1 in 1,500 to 2,500
female births Hormone therapy, special
education
Fragile X Minor-to-severe mental retardation;
symptoms, which are more severe in
males, include delayed speech and motor
development, speech impairments, and
hyperactivity: the most common inherited
form of mental retardation
1 in 1,200 male births;
1 in 2,000 female
births
Educational and behavioral
therapies when needed
9.
10. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Gestation or Prenatal development – period of
development between conception and birth; the
process that transforms a zygote into a new-born.
Gestational Age – age of an unborn baby, usually dated
from the first day of an expectant mother’s last
menstrual cycle.
11. THE NEED FOR PRECONCEPTION
CARE:
Care should begin before pregnancy to identify preventable
risks.
Types of care:
Physical examination and the taking of medical and family
histories
Vaccinations for rubella and hepatitis B
Risk screening for genetic disorders and infectious diseases
such as STDs
Counseling women to avoid smoking and alcohol, maintain
a healthy body weight and take folic acid supplements
12. Symptoms of Pregnancy
Physical Change Causes and Timing
Tender, swollen breasts or
nipples
Increased production of the female hormones estrogen and
progesterone stimulates breast growth to prepare for producing
milk (most noticeable in a first preganancy).
Fatigue: need to take extra
naps
Woman’s heart is pumping harder and faster to produce extra
blood to carry nutrients to the fetus. Stepped-up production of
hormones takes extra effort. Progesterone depresses central
nervous system and may cause sleepiness. Concerns about
pregnancy may sap energy.
Slight bleeding or cramping Implantation bleeding may occur about 10 to 14 days after
fertilization when fertilized ovum attaches to lining of uterus.
Many women also have cramps (similar to menstrual cramps) as
the uterus begins to enlarge.
Food cravings Hormonal changes may alter food preferences, especially during
first trimester, when hormones have greatest impact.
13. Symptoms of Pregnancy
Physical Change Causes and Timing
Nausea with or without vomiting Rising levels of estrogen produced by
placenta and fetus cause stomach to
empty more slowly. Also, heightened
sense of smell may trigger nausea in
response to certain odors, such as coffee,
meat, dairy products, or spicy foods.
Morning Sickness may begin as early as 2
weeks after conception, but usually
around 4 to 8 weeks, and may occur at any
time of day.
Frequent urination Enlarging uterus during first trimester
exerts pressure on the bladder.
Frequent, mild headaches Increased blood circulation caused by
hormonal changes may bring these on.
14. Symptoms of Pregnancy
Physical Change Causes and Timing
Constipation Increase in progesterone may slow
digestion, so food passes more slowly
through intestinal tract.
Mood swings Flood of hormones early in pregnancy can
produce emotional highs and lows.
Faintless and dizziness Lightheaded feeling may be triggered by
blood vessel dilation and low blood
pressure or by low blood sugar.
Raised basal body temperature Basal body temperature (taken first thing in
the morning) normally rises soon after
ovulation each month and then drops
during menstruation. When menstruation
ceases, temperature remains elevated.
15. Stages of Prenatal Development
Germinal Stage – first two weeks of prenatal
development, characterized by rapid cell division,
blastocyst formation, and implantation in the wall of the
uterus.
16. Embryonic stage
Second stage of gestation (2 to 8 weeks), characterized by
rapid growth and development of major body systems and
organs.
This is a critical period, when the embryo is most
vulnerable to destructive influences in the prenatal
environment.
The most severely defective embryos usually do not
survive beyond the first trimester or 3-month period of
pregnancy.
17. Fetal stage
(8 weeks to birth)
Final stage of gestation from 8 weeks to birth, characterized
by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly
enlarged body size.
During this period, the fetus grows rapidly to about 20 times
its previous length and organs and body systems become
more complex.
Right up to birth, “finishing touches” such as fingernails,
toenails, and eyelids continue to develop.
