John A Chapman opportunities minerals space 20120131

TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES RELATED TO
MINERAL EXPLORATION & MINE OPERATIONS
ON THE MOON AND MARS

John Chapman, B.Sc., P.Eng., FCIM
Principal, J.A. Chapman Mining Services
White Rock, British Columbia, Canada, Earth, Milky Way Galaxy, Universe One

Presented to

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department
San Jose State University
San Jose, California, USA
February 7, 2012

&

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Carnegie Melon University, Silicon Valley Campus
Moffett Field, California, USA
February 8, 2012

ABSTRACT

We earthbound humans cannot survive as a single planet species as there is a clear and present
danger from super-volcanos and large near-earth-objects. The dinosaurs did not survive – they had
no space program. We do have a space program which can be directed to saving humans by
detecting, tracking and deflecting near-earth-objects that are potential earth-impactors, as well as
creating a moon base as a precursor to populating mars. Great challenges and opportunities lay
ahead in achieving these space development objectives; they are essential to ensure our survival.

The wealth from mines, from the dawn of recorded human history, is the epic march of mankind
along the path of progress. It was the mines that made ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece
and Rome great and in more recent times have created immense wealth to the benefit of the
people of Europe, North America, Australia and now China, India, Brazil and Russia.

Today, we are part of the “space generation”, crawling off the surface of the earth into the “oceans
of space”; mining will continue to provide the capability for humankind to advance to the moon,
mars and on to the stars.

This paper proposes the application of proven methods on earth for successful mineral
exploration, mineral deposit development and mine/process operations on the moon and mars.

TECHNICAL CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES February 16, 2012


John A. Chapman, B.Sc., P.Eng., FCIM

Presentation to
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department
San Jose State University
San Jose, California, USA
February 7, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 1



John A. Chapman, B.Sc., P.Eng., FCIM

Presentation to
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Carnegie Melon University, Silicon Valley Campus
Moffett Field, California, USA
February 8, 2012

• GOOD EVENING LADIES AND GENTLEMEN.
• I AM MAKING THIS PRESENTATION BASED UPON MY EXPERIENCE AS A MECHANIC, WELDER AND
MINING ENGINEER, HAVING WORKED INTERNATIONALLY IN LARGE AND SMALL MINES, MANY IN
REMOTE LOCATIONS IN TROPICAL JUNGLES AND THE CANADIAN FAR NORTH. WELDED ON DEW LINE
NORTH OF ARCTIC CIRCLE AND ON PIPELINES IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA AND LOGGING EQUIPMENT
MANUFACTURING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.
• FROM THE TIME I WAS IN GRADE 6 I WORKED FOR MY FATHER AT HIS GAS STATION, LIGHT VEHICLE
SERVICE/REPAIR SHOP AND MOTEL.  MY FATHER WAS ALSO PART OF A SMALL MINERAL EXPLORATION
SYNDICATE THAT PROSPECTED AND DRILLED MINERAL SHOWINGS (OWNED THEIR OWN SMALL CORE
DRILL).  HENCE, I LEARNED A LOT ABOUT WORKING ON AND AROUND MACHINERY FROM A VERY
EARLY AGE.
• WORKED AS A MECHANIC AND WELDER BEFORE ENTERING UNIVERSITY AS A MATURE STUDENT.
• CAN PROFICIENTLY OPERATE SCRAPERS, DOZERS, TRUCKS, GRADERS (MAINLY CATERPILLAR
EQUIPMENT).
• AS VICE‐PRESIDENT AND GENERAL MANAGER OF CANADA’S LARGEST COAL MINING COMPANY WAS
CANADA’S LARGEST PURCHASER OF CATERPILLAR EQUIPMENT AND LARGEST CANADIAN PURCHASER
OF ONE OF THE WORLD’S BIGGEST LAND MACHINES – DRAGLINES.
• AS A PRIVATE BUSINESS OWNER, I AM PRESENTLY ONE OF THE LARGEST MINERAL LAND OWNERS IN
BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA.
• I AM ALSO MAKING THIS PRESENTATION BECAUSE OF MY LONG TIME INTEREST IN SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, AND IN THE LAST TWELVE YEARS, SPACE DEVELOPMENT.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 2


MINES ON EARTH
SOME OF MY EXPERIENCE

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 3


• IN 1999, AS I ENTERED MY TWILIGHT YEARS, I DECIDED TO CHANGE MY WORK BY WINDING‐DOWN MY
MINING CONSULTING SERVICES, RESIGNING FROM MINING COMPANY BOARDS OF DIRECTORS  AND
BEGAN MAKING SMALL INVESTMENTS IN JUNIOR SPACE VENTURES (SPACEDEV, ODYSSEY MOON AND
MOON EXPRESS).  IN ADDITION, I STARTED A PRIVATE MINERAL PROPERTY BUSINESS WITH GERRY
CARLSON A LONG‐TIME FRIEND AND BUSINESS ASSOCIATE.
• THE CARLSON AND CHAPMAN FAMILIES (50/50) OWN 265,000 ACRES OF MINERAL LANDS IN BRITISH
COLUMBIA, CANADA.  THE PRINCIPAL OF KGE MANAGEMENT LTD. IS GERRY CARLSON, PHD GEOLOGIST
AND PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER.  I AM A PROFESSIONAL MINING ENGINEER.
• WE OWN 17 MINERAL PROPERTIES THAT AVERAGE 15,600 ACRES EACH.
• ELEVEN OF THESE PROPERTIES ARE UNDER OPTION TO MINING COMPANIES AND ARE IN VARIOUS
STAGES OF MINERAL EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 4


• I WAS VICE‐PRESIDENT AND GENERAL MANAGER OF MANALTA COAL LTD. FOR 5 YEARS (1978 TO 1983)
AND VICE‐CHAIRMAN OF GREGG RIVER RESOURCES LTD – THE WORLD’S LARGEST JOINT VENTURE COAL
DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION WITH JAPANESE INDUSTRY (6 STEEL COMPANIES AND ONE TRADING
COMPANY). MANALTA WAS CANADA’S LARGEST COAL MINING COMPANY AT THAT TIME PRODUCING
MORE COAL THAN ALL OTHER CANADIAN COAL MINES COMBINED.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 5


• THE 60 AND 90 CUBIC YARD DRAGLINES SHOWN ARE AMONG THE WORLD’S LARGEST LAND MACHINES,
IN THE 1970s THEY COST ~US$90 MILLION EACH. MANALTA OPERATED MORE OF THESE LARGE
DRAGLINES THAN ANY OTHER COMPANY IN CANADA. ALSO, MANALTA WAS CANADA’S LARGEST
PURCHASER OF CATERPILLER MINING EQUIPMENT AND WIRE ROPES.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 6


GIBRALTAR MINE PROCESSING PLANT, BC, CANADA

• I WAS CHIEF ENGINEER AND ACTING MANAGER AT GIBRALTAR MINE IN 1977 AND 1978. AT THE TIME
GIBRALTAR WAS OPERATED BY AND MAJORITY OWNED BY PLACER DEVELOPMENT LTD.
• GIBRALTAR CONTINUES TO BE BRITISH COLUMBIA’S SECOND LARGEST MINING OPERATION. THE
OPERATION PRODUCES COPPER CONCENTRATE AND COPPER METAL (SX‐EW) WITH A MOLYBDENUM
CONCENTRATE CO‐PRODUCT.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 7


MARCOPPER MINE, PHILIPPINES, 1976

• I WAS MINE CONSULTANT AND THEN MINE DIVISION MANAGER AT MARCOPPER MINE DURING THE
PERIOD 1974 TO 1977.  AT THAT TIME MARCOPPER WAS THE SECOND LARGEST MINE IN THE
PHILIPPINES.  THE OPERATION PRODUCED COPPER CONCENTRATE WITH CONTAINED GOLD AND SILVER
THAT WAS SHIPPED TO JAPAN FOR SMELTING AND REFINING.
• AT THE TIME MARCOPPER WAS OPERATED BY AND MAJORITY OWNED BY PLACER DEVELOPMENT LTD.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 8


• PORT OPERATIONS INCLUDED COPPER (PLUS SILVER AND GOLD) CONCENTRATE STORAGE AND
SHIPPING TO JAPANESE SMELTERS.  DE‐TINNED SCRAP METAL WAS BACK‐HAULED TO THE MINE FOR
THE COPPER CEMENTATION OPERATION (SULPHURIC ACID LEACH OF COPPER OXIDES).  THE “CEMENT”
COPPER WAS ADDED TO THE SULPHIDE COPPER CONCENTRATE.
• PRIOR TO MARCOPPER I WORKED AT ENDAKO MINES (ALSO MAJORITY OWNED BY PLACER
DEVELOPMENT LTD.) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA IN THE LATE 1960S AND EARLY 1970S.  I HELD THE
FOLLOWING POSITIONS: SHIFTBOSS, FOREMAN, SENIOR ENGINEER, ASSISTANT MINE
SUPERINTENDENT.  AT THAT TIME ENDAKO WAS A LARGE OPEN‐PIT MINE WITH A FLOTATION PLANT,
PRODUCING 25% OF THE WORLD’S MOLYDENUM, IN THE FORM OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE AND
MOLYBDENUM TRIOXIDE.
• I GRADUATED WITH HIGH‐HONOURS FROM BOTH THE BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(1967, MINING TECHNOLOGY) AND THE COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES (1971, MINING ENGINEERING).

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 9


0
MINE
THE
NEAR SIDE
MOON!
HOW
HAS IT
COME
TO 2700 LONG
THAT? 90

850 S LAT

SOUTH
POLAR
REGION FAR SIDE
OF THE
MOON 180

• MY TRANSITION TO SPACE WAS A RESULT OF: 1) LIFELONG INTEREST IN SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, 2) CONTACT WITH NASA AND MANY PARTICLE PHYSICISTS AT LYNN
LAKE, MANITOBA, CANADA IN 1993, 3) WATCHING SHOEMAKER‐LEVY COMET
FRAGMENTS STRIKING JUPITER (ON INTERNET IN 1994), 4) INVESTING IN SPACEDEV
AND JIM BENSON’S ENCOURAGEMENT TO ATTEND SPACE CONFERENCES, 5)
LISTENING TO JOHN YOUNG’S KEYNOTE ADDRESS AT ILEWG IN 2003, 6) JOHN
YOUNG’S UNSOLICITED ENCOURAGEMENT, AT ILEWG 2003, FOR ME TO JOIN THE
DISCUSSION ABOUT MINING METHODS (AND MACHINERY) ON THE MOON AND
MARS, AND 7) RICH CLIFFORD’S SIMILAR UNSOLICITED ENCOURAGEMENT TO ME AT
ILEWG 2005.
• RICH CLIFFORD REVIEWED AND COMMENTED ON MY FIRST SPACE PAPER BEFORE
SUBMISSION TO THE ILEWG 2006 REVIEW COMMITTEE.  THE PAPER WAS PRESENTED
IN BEIJING IN 2006; IT WAS TITLED, “THE DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION OF A
SURFACE MINE IN A REMOTE LOCATION – THE SOUTH POLAR REGION OF THE MOON”.
THE CO‐AUTHOR WAS MARC SCHULTE AN ENGINEER‐IN‐TRAINING AND A TECHNICAL
SALES REPRESENTATIVE WITH FINNING INTERNATIONAL INC., THE WORLD’S LARGEST
CATERPILLAR DEALER, HEADQUARTERED IN WESTERN CANADA.
• BOTH JOHN YOUNG AND RICH CLIFFORD TOLD ME THAT THE SPACE INDUSTRY
NEEDED MORE INPUT FROM MINING INDUSTRY VETERANS THAT HAD DEVELOPED
AND OPERATED MINES IN REMOTE LOCATIONS SUCH AS DESERTS, JUNGLES AND THE
FAR NORTH.  THEY INDICATED THAT MANY UNIVERSITY BASED ACADEMICS THAT
WERE THEN DOMINATING THE SPACE DISCUSSIONS HAD LITTLE OR NO PRACTICAL
EXPERIENCE IN MINING AND NEEDED TO BE “SHAKEN‐UP” IN ORDER TO SHARPEN
FOCUS UPON COMMON SENSE DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS FOR THE MOON AND
MARS.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 10


NASA BALLOON LAUNCH
FACILITY, LYNN LAKE,
MANITOBA, CANADA

AUGUST 25, 2002 THE LARGEST
BALLOON EVER LAUNCHED: 1.7
MILLION CUBIC METERS, 49
KILOMETERS ALTITUDE WITH
A LOW-ENERGY ELECTRON
DETECTION EXPERIMENT -
PAYLOAD OF 690KG

COMMISSIONING OF THE
KEYSTONE GOLD PROJECT
LYNN LAKE, MANITOBA, 1993
CAZADOR EXPLORATIONS
LIMITED & GRANDUC MINES
LIMITED

• AS CEO OF GRANDUC MINING CORPORATION I WAS AT LYNN LAKE, MANITOBA IN 1993 FOR THE
DEVELOPMENT AND COMMISSIONING OF THE KEYSTONE GOLD PROJECT. THIS FORTUITOUS
ASSIGNMENT PUT ME IN CLOSE CONTACT WITH NASA’S BALLOON LAUNCHING OPERATIONS FOR
ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLE PHYSICS RESEARCH AND THE MANY SCIENTISTS CONDUCTING THEIR LEADING‐
EDGE RESEARCH. I HAD NEVER SEEN SO MANY PHYSICISTS (FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD) IN ONE
PLACE AT ONE TIME!
• AT THE TIME, LYNN LAKE HAD ONE OF THE LARGEST BALLOON LAUNCH FACILITIES IN THE WORLD
ADJACENT TO ITS REGIONAL AIRPORT.
• LYNN LAKE, MANITOBA ‐‐ IT ALMOST SOUNDS LIKE A SCIENCE‐FICTION MOVIE: NASA LAUNCHED A 60‐
STORY‐HIGH BALLOON TO THE UPPER FRINGES OF EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE TO COLLECT PRECIOUS
PARTICLES OF SOME OF THE RAREST STUFF IN THE UNIVERSE ‐‐ ANTIMATTER ‐‐ AND, JUST POSSIBLY,
EVIDENCE THAT ENTIRE ANTI‐GALAXIES EXIST. IT WASN'T SCIENCE FICTION, BUT CUTTING‐EDGE
SCIENCE. CARRYING A JAPANESE‐BUILT INSTRUMENT, NASA'S LARGEST BALLOON ‐‐ 39 MILLION CUBIC
FEET IN VOLUME ‐‐ LIFTED OFF FROM LYNN LAKE, MANITOBA, CANADA, AT 9:22 A.M. EDT AUG. 11 FOR
A 38‐HOUR FLIGHT MORE THAN 20 MILES ABOVE EARTH. THE 5,000‐POUND INSTRUMENT WAS
RECOVERED AUG. 12 AND WILL BE PREPARED FOR ANOTHER FLIGHT NEXT YEAR. THE BESS PROJECT
(BALLOON‐BORNE EXPERIMENT WITH A SUPERCONDUCTING SOLENOIDAL MAGNET), LED BY PROF.
SHUJI ORITO OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO, IS SPONSORED IN THE U.S. BY NASA AND BY MONBUSHO
IN JAPAN. "WE HAVE COLLECTED EXCELLENT DATA, WHICH SHOULD CONTAIN SEVERAL HUNDRED
ANTIPROTONS AMONG A HUNDRED MILLION COSMIC‐RAY PARTICLES THAT PASSED THROUGH OUR
DETECTOR," SAID DR. ORITO, WHO WAS AT LYNN LAKE FOR THE LAUNCH WITH RESEARCHERS FROM
JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES.
• THE BESS COLLABORATION COMPRISES UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO, HIGH ENERGY ACCELERATOR RESEARCH
ORGANIZATION, KOBE UNIVERSITY AND INSTITUTE OF SPACE AND ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCE, ALL IN
TOKYO; NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, GREENBELT, MD; AND THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND.
THE MAGNET AND THE DETECTORS ON BESS WERE DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED IN JAPAN. NASA
PROVIDES THE BALLOON FLIGHTS. ASIDE FROM ANTIPROTONS, BESS ALSO MEASURES PRECISE ENERGY
SPECTRA OF VARIOUS COSMIC RAYS, SUCH AS PROTONS, HELIUM AND LIGHT ISOTOPES, THUS
PROVIDING IMPORTANT BASIC DATA FOR COSMIC‐RAY PHYSICS. DR. EUN‐SUK SEO OF THE UNIVERSITY
OF MARYLAND LEADS THIS EFFORT.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 11


KNOWN MASS EXTINCTIONS
OF SPECIES ON EARTH

1) END OF CRETACEOUS, ~65
Ma, ~75%
2) END OF TRIASSIC, ~205 Ma,
~75%
3) END OF PERMIAN ~250  Ma,
~90%
4) END OF DEVONIAN ~370 Ma,
~70%
5) END OF ORDOVICIAN ~450
Ma, ~85%

WE NOW HAVE
COMET SHOEMAKER - LEVY IMPACTING SPACE SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS WORKING
JUPITER JULY 16, 1994 ON THE PROBLEM OF DETECTING, TRACKING
(JUPITER’S DIAMETER IS 11.2 X EARTH’S) AND DEFLECTING ASTEROIDS AND COMETS

• 2012:  ALL NEOs DETECTED = 8,670, NEOs >1KM IN DIAMETER = 840.
• THE DINOSAURS NEVER HAD A SPACE PROGRAM – THEY DID NOT SURVIVE!
• JUPITER’S DIAMETER IS 143,000 KM, EARTH’S IS 12,800 KM, THE MOON IS 3,480 KM.
• THERE WERE AT LEAST 20 SEPARATE FRAGMENTS OF THE COMET SHOEMAKER‐LEVY THAT HIT JUPITER
– ONE OF THE LARGEST “G” (JULY 18, 1994) CREATED A DARK SPOT MEASURING 12,000 KM ACROSS
AND WAS ESTIMATED TO HAVE RELEASED AN ENERGY EQUIVALENT TO 6 TRILLION TONS OF TNT (~750
TIMES THE WORLDS NUCLEAR ARSENAL).  TWO IMPACTS 12 HOURS APART ON JULY 19TH CREATED
IMPACT MARKS OF SIMILAR SIZE TO THAT CAUSED BY FRAGMENT G.  SEVERAL OF THESE IMPACTORS,
IF THEY WERE HITTING EARTH, WOULD HAVE EXTINQUISHED ALL OR MOST LIFE ON THE PLANET.
• IMPACTORS: ASTERIODS (PROGRADE ~19KM/SEC), COMETS (RETROGRADE ~55KM/SEC) – IF SAME SIZE
OBJECTS THEN COMET HAS ~8 TIMES MORE ENERGY (KINETIC) THAN THE ASTERIOD (KINETIC ENERGY =
½ M x V*2).  OBJECTS TRAVELING AT ~3 KM/SEC HAVE KINETIC ENERGY EQUIVALENT TO THEIR MASS IN
TNT.
• EARLY MORNING ON EARTH IS LIKE FACING FORWARD IN AN AUTOMOBILE TRAVELING AT 30KM PER
SECOND – A RETROGRADE IMPACTOR WOULD HIT AT ~55KM/SEC.
• IMPACTORS NORMALLY CREATE CRATORS 10 TO 20 TIMES THE DIAMETER OF THE IMPACTOR.
• EARTH ROTATION VELOCITY AT EQUATOR SEA LEVEL = 1,650 KM/HR, MEAN EARTH ORBITAL VELOCITY
= 30KM/SEC, THE SOLAR SYSTEM IS ORBITING WITHIN THE MILKY WAY AT A VELOCITY OF ~220 KM/SEC
AND IN RELATION TO THE COSMOS BACKGROUND AT ~600 KM/SEC.
• THE TRICK IN TRACKING NEO ORBITS LIES IN A STRANGE NATURAL PHENOMENON: SOLAR‐POWERED
ORBITAL MECHANICS. THE IDEA GOES BACK TO A SCIENTIFIC PAPER WRITTEN BY RUSSIAN ENGINEER
I.O. YARKOVSKY A CENTURY AGO AND SINCE LOST. YARKOVSKY IS SAID TO HAVE PROPOSED THAT THE
SUN WARMS AN ASTEROID MORE ON THE "DAY" SIDE THAN ON THE "NIGHT" SIDE. THE WARMER SIDE
OF THE ROCK EMITS MORE THERMAL RADIATION, CREATING A SLIGHT DIFFERENCE IN MOMENTUM
THAT GENTLY NUDGES THE OBJECT IN A MANNER SIMILAR TO HOW A ROCKET IS PROPELLED. OVER
HUNDREDS OF YEARS, THE MOVEMENT CAN BE SIGNIFICANT, SCIENTISTS SAY.
• NOTE THAT THE EXTINCTIONS ARE SHOWN AT THE END OF GEOLOGICAL “PERIODS” – THAT IS BECAUSE
EXTINCTIONS ARE ONE OF THE MARKERS GEOLOGISTS USED IN PREPARING THE SCALE.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 12


"...he truly is a fascinating man
whose modesty is matched only
by the scale of his own achievements."
- Michael Wright

18th person in space
5th person to make two spaceflights
3rd person to make three spaceflights
2nd person to make four spaceflights
1st person to make five and six spaceflights

Apollo 10 1969: Command Module Pilot
Apollo 16, 1972: Commander
STS-1 (Columbia) 1981: Commander

“Mankind cannot survive as a
single planet species”
John Young Keynote Address
ILEWG 5 Conference, 2003
JOHN YOUNG, AEROSPACE ENGINEER

• JOHN WAS A MAJOR INSPIRATION TO ME – ENCOURAGING ME IN 2003 TO JOIN INTO THE DISCUSSION REGARDING
ALL ASPECTS OF MINE OPERATIONS AS PART OF MANKINDS DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOON AND MARS.  HE FELT
THE SPACE INDUSTRY NEEDED MORE PEOPLE ACTUALLY INVOLVED IN MINING ON EARTH TO BE ABLE TO
SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOP THE MOON AND MARS.
• JOHN IS A HERO, HE HAS DEVOTED HIS LIFE TO VERY HIGH RISK SPACE VENTURES THAT HAVE YIELDED GREAT
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL BENEFITS TO MANKIND.
• IN MY OPINION THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LUNAR BASE WILL NOT BE FOR EXTRACTION OF RESOURCES TO SEND
BACK TO EARTH (WE ALREADY HAVE EVERYTHING WE NEED HERE ON EARTH) BUT INSTEAD TO DEVELOP A ROCKET
BASE (IN LOW LUNAR GRAVITY) TO FACILITATE THE “DEFLECTION” OF DANGEROUS NEAR EARTH OBJECTS (NEOs)
THAT ARE CURRENTLY BEING “DETECTED” AND “TRACKED” FROM EARTH.  WE CANNOT SURVIVE AS A SINGLE
PLANET SPECIES BECAUSE OF THE SERIOUS DANGER FROM NEOs AND SUPER VOLCANOES.
• IN MY OPINION THERE ARE BASICALLY THREE TYPES OF PEOPLE: THOSE THAT DO THINGS, THOSE THAT WATCH
PEOPLE DO THINGS, AND THOSE THAT WONDER WHAT HAPPENED.
• "FAR BETTER IT IS TO DARE MIGHTY THINGS, TO WIN GLORIOUS TRIUMPHS, EVEN THOUGH CHECKERED BY
FAILURE, THAN TO TAKE RANK WITH THOSE POOR SPIRITS WHO NEITHER ENJOY NOR SUFFER MUCH, BECAUSE
THEY LIVE IN THAT GRAY TWILIGHT THAT KNOWS NO VICTORY NOR DEFEAT." THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
• A MESSAGE TO THE FUTURE GENERATIONS FROM ASTRONAUT, ELLISON S. ONIZUKA, 1980 COMMENCEMENT,
KONAWAENA HIGH SCHOOL, “IF I CAN IMPRESS UPON YOU ONLY ONE IDEA…LET IT BE THAT THE PEOPLE WHO
MAKE THIS WORLD RUN, WHOSE LIVES CAN BE TERMED SUCCESSFUL, WHOSE NAMES WILL GO DOWN IN THE
HISTORY BOOKS, ARE NOT THE CYNICS, OR THE ARMCHAIR QUATERBACKS. THEY ARE THE ADVENTURISTS , THE
EXPLORERS, AND DOERS OF THIS WORLD.  WHEN THEY SEE A WRONG OR PROBLEM, THEY DO SOMETHING ABOUT
IT. WHEN THEY SEE A VACANT PLACE IN OUR KNOWLEDGE, THEY WORK TO FILL THAT VOID.  RATHER THAN
LEANING BACK AND CRITICIZING HOW THINGS ARE, THEY WORK TO MAKE THINGS THE WAY THEY SHOULD BE.
THEY ARE THE AGGRESSIVE, THE SELF‐STARTERS, THE INNOVATIVE, AND THE IMAGINATIVE OF THIS WORLD.  EVERY
GENERATION HAS THE OBLIGATION TO FREE MEN’S MINDS FOR A LOOK AT NEW WORLDS…TO LOOK OUT FROM A
HIGHER PLATEAU THAN THE LAST GENERATION. YOUR VISION IS NOT LIMITED BY WHAT YOUR EYE CAN SEE, BUT
BY WHAT YOUR MIND CAN IMAGINE. MANY THINGS THAT YOU TAKE FOR GRANTED WERE CONSIDERED
UNREALISTIC DREAMS BY PREVIOUS GENERATIONS.  IF YOU ACCEPT THESE PAST  ACCOMPLISHMENTS  AS
COMMONPLACE THEN THINK OF THE NEW HORIZONS THAT YOU CAN EXPLORE. FROM YOUR VANTAGE POINT,
YOUR EDUCATION AND IMAGINATION WILL CARRY YOU TO PLACES WHICH WE WON’T BELIEVE POSSIBLE. MAKE
YOUR LIFE COUNT – AND THE WORLD WILL BE A BETTER PLACE BECAUSE YOU TRIED.”

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 13


THE LATE JIM BENSON RICH CLIFFORD
GEOLOGIST AEROSPACE ENGINEER
FOUNDER & CHAIRMAN ASTRONAUT
SPACEDEV, INC. RETIRED

• JIM WAS THE PERSON THAT ENCOURAGED ME, AN EARLY SHAREHOLDER OF SPACEDEV, INC., TO
ATTEND THE 2003 ILEWG MEETING IN HAWAII WHERE I MET JOHN YOUNG, ASTRONAUT.
• SPACEDEV ACHIEVEMENTS:  FIRST TO USE INTERNET FOR SATELLITE MISSION CONTROL, HELPED NEAR‐
SHOEMAKER SPACECRAFT LAND ON EROS, BUILT ROCKET ENGINE FOR BURT RUTAN’S SPACESHIPONE –
WINNING THE XPRIZE FOR “FIRST NON‐GOVERNMENT ASTRONAUT”.
• I MET RICH CLIFFORD IN 2005 AT THE ILEWG TORONTO, CANADA CONFERENCE.  HE IS A GRADUATE OF
WEST POINT (BSc) AND GEORGIA TECH (MSc)., SENIOR TEST PILOT BELL HELICOPTERS, TWO SHUTTLE
FLIGHTS & A SPACE WALK (EVA), MANAGER BOEING DEFENCE & SPACE GROUP, NOW RETIRED.  RICH
ENCOURAGED ME, LIKE JOHN YOUNG DID EARLIER, TO GET INVOLVED IN PLANNING FOR SPACE
DEVELOPMENT BECAUSE OF MY PRACTICAL MINING BACKGROUND.  THIS MOTIVATED ME TO PREPARE
AND PRESENT A PAPER, “DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION OF SURFACE MINE IN A REMOTE LOCATION
– THE SOUTH POLAR REGION OF THE MOON”, AT THE BEIJING, CHINA 2006 ILEWG CONFERENCE.  RICH
REVIEWED MY PAPER AND MADE COMMENTS PRIOR TO ITS SUBMISSION TO THE ILEWG CONFERENCE
COMMITTEE.  I SELECTED MY CO‐AUTHOR, MARC SHULTE, AN ENGINEER‐IN‐TRAINING THAT WORKED
FOR FINNING INTERNATIONAL INC., BASED IN WESTERN CANADA. MARC HAD VALUABLE INPUT TO THE
PAPER. FINNING IS THE WORLD’S LARGEST CATERPILLAR EQUIPMENT DEALER.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 14


SOLAR SYSTEM RESOURCES
• BEST TO STAY IN THE GOLDILOCKS ZONE:
• EARTH
• MOON
• MARS AND ITS MOONS (2)
• MOONS OF JUPITER (63) AND SATURN (62)
• ASTEROIDS AND NEAR EARTH COMETS

• EXPLORING FOR:
• WATER-ICE
• HYDROCARBONS
• NUCLEAR FUELS (URANIUM & THORIUM)
• ALL OTHER MINERALS AND ELEMENTS

• REFER TO “MINING THE SKY” AND “SPACE RESOURCES, BREAKING THE BONDS OF EARTH” BY JOHN S. LEWIS
FOR A GOOD SUMMARY OF SOLAR SYSTEM RESOURCES.
• LUNAR RESOURCE EXTRACTION IS FOCUSED UPON THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN.
THESE ELEMENTS (H AND O) OR MOLECULES (H2 AND O2) ARE REQUIRED FOR SUPPORT OF HUMAN LIFE ("AIR"
AND WATER), ROCKET PROPELLANTS, FUEL CELLS (MOBILE AND STATIONARY), AGRICULTURE AND
AQUACULTURE. THE NEXT MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENTS ARE URANIUM AND THORIUM AS FUEL FOR: 1)
SURFACE LUNAR NUCLEAR FISSION REACTORS TO PROVIDE ELECTRIC AND HEAT ENERGY, AND 2) HEATING
PROPELLANTS IN NUCLEAR POWERED SPACE TUGS.
• SEE: 21ST CENTURY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE, SUMMER 1999 ISSUE, “BACK TO THE MOON WITH
NUCLEAR ROCKETS”, BY MARSHA FREEMAN.  THIS ARTICLE GIVES A GOOD SUMMARY OF THE CURRENT STATE
OF NUCLEAR ROCKET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INCLUDING PRIOR WORK BY THE USA AND USSR.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 15


SPACE LAW
FROM HISTORICAL REMOTE
MINING CAMPS
• POSSESSION IS 9/10 OF THE LAW

• USE IT OR LOSE IT

• KEEPING LAW AND ORDER, GOLD MINING IN WASHINGTON STATE, KEN AND VIDA MARTIN, 1995, “WHEN
NEWS OF NEW DISCOVERIES WERE MADE KNOWN, HUNGRY AND EAGER PROSPECTORS RUSHED TO THE NEW
ELDORADOS TO COMPETE FOR THE BEST DIGGINGS. GIVEN THE PRIMITIVE CONDITIONS AND LIMITED
RESOURCES WITH WHICH MINERS HAD TO WORK, IT IS UNDERSTANDABLE THAT TOLERANCE WAS NOT ONE OF
THEIR LEADING VIRTUES. TO PROTECT ONE’S PROPERTY WAS CONSIDERED OF GREAT IMPORTANCE AND
SOMETIMES EVEN A MATTER OF SURVIVAL. THEN, THERE WERE THOSE WITHIN THE CAMPS WHO REALLY
BELIEVED THEY HAD TRAVELED BEYOND THE REACH OF THE LAW AND THAT JUSTICE WAS A MATTER OF THEIR
OWN PREFERENCE. THESE FACTORS, COMBINED WITH THE PROBLEM OF EXCESSIVE DRINKING CREATED A
VOLATILE ENVIRONMENT. BOUNDARY DISPUTES AND ACCUSATIONS OF HIGH GRADING WERE ALL TO OFTEN
SETTLED FROM THE SMOKING BARREL OF A SIX‐SHOOTER. HOWEVER, TO MAINTAIN A SEMBLANCE OF LAW
AND ORDER, MINERS IN MOST DISTRICTS ORGANIZED THEMSELVES INTO CONFEDERATIONS [OR MINERS’
COMMITTEE] TO LEGISLATE RULES AND REGULATIONS IN THE CAMP.”
• IT IS MY OPINION THAT THE “DOERS” THAT WILL BE THE EARLY HUMAN SETTLERS OF SPACE WILL SET THEIR
OWN RULES AND REGULATIONS IN EACH SITUATION, AS WAS DONE BY THE EARLY MINERS IN REMOTE MINING
CAMPS. NO DISTANT “GOVERNMENT” ON EARTH WILL BE ABLE TO APPLY OR MAINTAIN THEIR RULES AND
REGULATIONS ON THESE SPACE PIONEERS DURING THE EARLY FORMATIVE YEARS OF COLONIZATION OF THE
MOON AND MARS.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 16


TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES

• MANY OPPORTUNITIES EXIST IN MODIFYING SUCCESSFUL EARTHBOUND SYSTEMS
FOR USE ON THE MOON AND MARS.
• MANY OF THESE OPPORTUNITIES WILL BE SHOWN IN THIS SLIDE PRESENTATION. AT
THIS TIME, IN MY OPINION, THERE SHOULD BE MUCH MORE WORK ON: 1) SHIELDING
AGAINST COSMIC AND SOLAR RADIATION, 2) DESIGN AND TESTING OF SMALL
NUCLEAR FISSION REACTORS FOR USE IN MOBILE VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT, 3)
HIGH‐TEMPERATURE (VAPOUR AND PLASMA) MINERAL AND ELEMENT PROCESSING
METHODS IN LOW GRAVITY AND UNDER VACCUUM, 4) MITIGATION METHODS
AGAINST POTENTIALLY DAMAGING LUNAR DUST (VERY SMALL DIAMETER PARTICLES
THAT ARE SHARP AND ABRASIVE) THAT MAY AFFECT HUMANS AND EQUIPMENT, 5)
BIOSPHERE TYPE STUDIES RELATING TO CLOSED‐SYSTEM INTERACTION OF
AQUACULTURE, AGRICULTURE AND HUMANS (WATER, OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE,
ETC.), 6) EQUIPMENT DESIGN FOR OPERATING NEAR POLAR REGIONS IN COLD TRAPS
(‐233 DEGREES C) OR DURING LUNAR NIGHTS (‐63 DEGREES C), AND 7) DETECTION
AND PROTECTION FROM METEROIDS (SMALL BUT DANGEROUS AS NO ATMOSPHERE
TO SLOW OR BURN‐UP THESE BODIES ARRIVING AT ~15 KM/S).

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 17


HEAVY LIFT TO THE MOON OF EQUIPMENT
SUPPLIES AND HUMANS (>2,000 TONNES)
ONCE LUNAR BASE SITE LOCATION
DETERMINED BY ROBOTIC MISSIONS

MASS ASSEMBLY-LINE PRODUCTION OF
SPACEX HEAVY-LIFT ROCKETS TO
FACILITATE RELIABLE AND LOW COST
LAUNCHES TO THE MOON AND MARS

SPACE EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGIES
CORP (SPACEX) BECOMES WORLD’S
LARGEST MARKET CAP PUBLIC LISTED
COMPANY

NUCLEAR SPACE TUG DEVELOPED FOR
DEFLECTION OF LARGE NEOs AND FOR
TRANSPORT BETWEEN EARTH-MOON-MARS

• TO BE SUCCESSFUL THE ROCKETS MUST BE MASS PRODUCED (ECONOMY OF SCALE) WITH MULTLIPLE DAILY LAUNCHES.
• ASTROBOTIC TECHNOLOGY, INC. AND MOON EXPRESS, INC., LEADERS IN THE 26 GROUP COMPETITION TO WIN THE GOOGLE
LUNAR X PRIZE, WILL BECOME SPACE EXPEDITORS SIMILAR TO UPS AND FEDEX ON EARTH.
• IT IS MY OPINION THAT THERE IS ONE OVERARCHING REASON FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE – THAT IS TO ENSURE THE SURVIVAL
OF THE HUMAN SPECIES. HENCE, ONLY EARLY PRECURSOR MISSIONS SHOULD BE ROBOTIC. THEREAFTER IT MUST BE HUMAN
WITH SOME SUPPORT FROM ROBOTICS (REMOTE CONTROL AND AUTONOMOUS). I ALSO, FROM EXPERIENCE BUILDING REMOTE
MINE OPERATIONS ON EARTH, KNOW THAT THE FIRST HUMAN LANDING ON THE LUNAR SURFACE TO DEVELOP A PERMANENT
HABITAT WILL REQUIRE LANDING ~2,000 METRIC TONS OF EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES TO ENSURE A HIGH DEGREE
OF SUCCESS. THIS IS A MASSIVE PROGRAM THAT WILL NEED MULTI‐GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY SUPPORT TO WORK
PROPERLY. IN MY OPINION, SCIENCE PALLS IN COMPARISON TO LONG‐TERM HUMAN SURVIVAL WHEN FUNDING SPACE
EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS.  THE MOON WOULD BE THE LOW GRAVITY BASE FOR FUELING NUCLEAR SPACE
TUGS IN LUNAR ORBIT USING PROPELLANTS SUCH AS HYDROGEN (HIGH EXHAUST VELOCITY LOW THRUST), OXYGEN
(AUGMENTATION TO INCREASE THRUST) OR WATER (LOWER EXHAUST VELOCITY BUT HIGHER THRUST).  THESE SPACE TUGS
WOULD BE USED FOR DANGEROUS NEO DEFLECTION AND FOR MOVING BETWEEN ORBITS AT EARTH, MOON AND MARS.  THE
NUCLEAR FISSION REACTORS IN THE SPACE TUGS WOULD “BURN” HIGHLY ENRICHED URANIUM (SIMILAR TO REACTORS IN USA
SUBMARINES) SO THAT THE REFUELING INTERVAL WOULD BE GREATER THAN TEN YEARS (MAY BE ABLE TO INCLUDE A THORIUM
“BLANKET” IN REACTOR FOR ADDITIONAL ENERGY).  A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SHOULD BE BUILT NEAR THE EARTH LAUNCH SITE
TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN TO MINIMIZE FUEL TRANSPORT TO THE LAUNCH SITE.  IT WOULD BE A CO‐GENERATION
FACILITY WITH HYDROGEN BEING REFORMED FROM NATURAL GAS (AND CARBON MONOXIDE BURNED FOR ELECTRIC POWER
AND HEAT) WITH OXYGEN BEING PRODUCED BY FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF LIQUEFIED AIR.  AN ALTERNATIVE, BUT MORE
EXPENSIVE, METHOD OF PRODUCING HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN IS DIRECT ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER.
• PLAN INITIALLY FOR LAUNCHING AT LEAST ONE ROCKET PER DAY SO THAT THE FIRST 2,000 TONS OF EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES AND
WORKFORCE IS ON THE MOON IN 60 DAYS.  COST ~15 TO 20 BILLION US DOLLARS.
• I STRONGLY RECOMMEND THAT YOU VISIT SOME EARTHLY MINING/PROCESSING OPERATIONS (MINING, MINERAL PROCESSING,
SMELTING AND REFINING). YOU WILL FIND THAT MINING AND PROCESSING HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS IS COMPLEX AND THE
SYSTEMS ARE PHYSICALLY AND CHEMICALLY CHALLENGING. TRYING TO RECOVER MINERALS AND ELEMENTS FROM
HETEROGENEOUS SOURCES ON ASTEROIDS OR COMETS ON A SUSTAINED BASIS WILL BE VERY DIFFICULT INDEED COMPARED TO
OPERATING AT A LUNAR BASE. THE ASTEROIDS AND COMETS IN NEAR EARTH ORBIT OFFER A LOW GRAVITY WELL OPPORTUNITY
(REWARD) AND A BIG MATERIALS CHALLENGE (RISK). THEY ARE EITHER CARBONACEOUS WITH WATER ICE, OR SILICATES
(STONY), OR METALLIC (NOTE THE “OR” AND NO “AND”). IN OTHER WORDS YOU CANNOT LAND ON ANY ONE AND EXPECT TO
GET WATER ICE, SILICATES AND METALS – THIS PRESENTS AN ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE CHALLENGE IN CREATING AN OPERATING
BASE THAT IS SUSTAINABLE. I WAS THE ONE THAT STOOD UP AND RECOMMENDED JOHN LEWIS’S “MINING THE SKY” BOOK AT
THE SPACE FRONTIER 2009 CONFERENCE. HOWEVER, WHAT I DID NOT SAY IS THAT I DISAGREE WITH JOHN AS TO THE
IMPORTANCE OF ASTEROID OR COMET MATERIALS ON EARTH, AS THEY HAVE IN MY OPINION NO VALUE TO EARTH. WE HAVE A
NEVER ENDING SUPPLY OF ELEMENTS ON EARTH, INCLUDING THOSE IN HYDROCARBONS (C AND H) THAT CAN BE EXTRACTED
MUCH SAFER AND CHEAPER IN‐SITU ON EARTH THAN EXPLOITING THEM ON ASTEROIDS OR COMETS. IN OTHER WORDS,
ELEMENTS ON ASTEROIDS AND COMETS, AND THE MOON AND MARS WILL HAVE USE IN SPACE BUT NOT ON EARTH.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 18


HEAVY-LIFT ANALOG
WORLD’S LARGEST CIVILIAN AIRLIFT
LEA TO BULOLO, PAPUA NEW GUINEA, 1931
VISION & COURAGE - PHYSICAL & FINANCIAL

PLACER DEVELOPMENT LTD
VANCOUVER, BC, CANADA

• THREE TRI‐MOTOR JUNKERS G‐31 AIRCRAFT (PAYLOAD OF ~7,100 POUNDS)
• WORLD RECORD AIRLIFT IN FIRST 12 MONTHS OF 4,342 TONS ‐ IN SAME PERIOD UK,
FRANCE & USA COMBINED TRANSPORTED ONLY 2,670 TONS BY AIR
• FROM 1931 TO 1942 THE BULOLO AIRLIFT TOTALLED 73,480 TONS WITH NO ACCIDENTS

• THE BULOLO GOLDFIELDS WERE TOTALLY DEVELOPED AND OPERATIONS SUSTAINED BY AIRLIFT OF
MACHINERY, MOBILE EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES FOR DAMS, POWERLINES, DREDGES, SAWMILL, AND
TOWNSITE (HOSPITAL AND SCHOOL).
• THE G‐31 HAD 525 X 3 HORSEPOWER RADIAL ENGINES AND COULD CLIMB AT 200 FEET PER MINUTE
FULLY LOADED ON TWO ENGINES (AT AVERAGE 3,000 FT ASL), 75 MINUTE FLYING TIME LEA  (AT SEA
LEVEL) TO BULOLO (2,250 FEET) WITH INTERVENING MOUNTAINS AT 6,000 FEET ELEVATION.
• THE MANAGEMENT OF PLACER DEVELOPMENT LTD RECEIVED AWARDS FROM THE MINING INDUSTRY
AND THE AVIATION INDUSTRY FOR THIS SUCCESSFUL MASSIVE BULOLO AIRLIFT.
• MENTION MASS PRODUCTION OF LIBERTY SHIPS (42 DAYS PER LIBERTY SHIP, WITH A TOTAL ~2,700
BUILT DURING WWII), THE ALASKA HIGHWAY/NORMAN WELLS OIL OPERATIONS, THE DEW LINE,
BERLIN AIRLIFT AND WWII AS THESE WERE ALL MASSIVE UNDERTAKINGS THAT WERE SUCCESSFULLY
ACCOMPLISHED IN RECORD TIME.
• IN 2011 THE BROAD GROUP IN HUNAN PROVINCE, CHINA BUILT A 30 STOREY LUXURY HOTEL IN 15
DAYS.  IT IS BUILT TO WITHSTAND MAGNITUDE 9 RICHTER SCALE EARTHQUAKES AND IS ~4 TIMES
MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT THAN CONVENTIONAL HIGH‐RISE BUILDINGS.  ALL COMPONENTS ARE
MANUFACTURED IN A LARGE FACTORY AND DELIVERED TO THE BUILDING SITE FOR ASSEMBLY.  THERE
WERE NO INJURIES DURING THE WORK.  SEE: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hdpf‐MQM9vY.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 19


BABCOCK AND WILCOX
ADVANCED  LIGHT  WATER REACTOR

• http://www.pbmr.com
• http://www.babcock.com/products/modular_nuclear/generation_mpower.html
• http://www.world‐nuclear.org/info/inf34.html
• THE RELIABILITY OF BOBCOCK AND WILCOX NUCLEAR REACTORS ON USA SUBMARINES AND AIRCRAFT
CARRIERS IS WELL ESTABLISHED.  SINCE 1955 THE USA NAVY HAS ACCUMULATED OVER 6,200 NAUTICAL
REACTOR‐YEARS OF ACCIDENT FREE EXPERIENCE OVER THE COURSE OF 230 MILLION KILOMETERS.
• ROLLS‐ROYCE HAS BEEN THE NUCLEAR SYSTEMS SUPPLIER AND TECHNICAL AUTHORITY FOR THE ROYAL
NAVY SUBMARINE FLEET FOR OVER 50 YEARS.
• NEXT GENERATION NUCLEAR REACTORS SUCH AS THE PBMR HIGH‐TEMPERATURE GAS COOLED (HELIUM)
REACTOR ARE SHOWING THE WAY TOWARD MORE EFFICIENT AND SAFER REACTORS.
• IT IS INTERESTING TO NOTE THE RECENT US$20 BILLION AWARD TO KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CO., FOR
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION (60 YEAR JV WITH UAE) OF FOUR NEW REACTORS (1,400MW
EACH) IN THE UAE.  KOREA ELECTRIC IS THE SPONSOR WITH WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC COMPANY PART OF
THE JV – WESTINGHOUSE IS CONTROLLED (MAJOR SHAREHOLDER) BY JAPAN’S TOSHIBA CORP.  SEVERAL
MAJOR INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR COMPANIES HAD SUBMITTED PROPOSALS.
• IN EARLY OCTOBER 2010 THE WORLD NUCLEAR ASSOCIATION REPORTED THAT OVER 45 COUNTRIES ARE
ACTIVELY CONSIDERING EMBARKING UPON NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMS.
• DURING THE COLD WAR THERE WERE MORE NUCLEAR REACTORS AT SEA THAN THERE WERE ON LAND.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 20


NUCLEAR ENERGY USE IN SPACE
(importance of energy density)
A URANIUM DIOXIDE FUEL PELLET - SHADOW IS ~3
SQUARE CENTIMETERS. HOW MANY DAYS OR YEARS
WOULD THE SUN NEED TO SHINE ON THE SHADOW
AREA, AT ARIZONA USA SOLAR INTENSITY, 12 HOURS
PER DAY, TO EQUAL THE FISSILE ENERGY IN THE
FUEL PELLET?

THE ANSWER IS 951,000 YEARS.
(from Chuck Edwards, Cameco Corporation, 2003)

THE USE OF NUCLEAR HIGH-TEMPERATURE GAS
REACTORS IN SPACE FOR HEAT AND ELECTRICITY IS
ESSENTIAL IF SPACE DEVELOPMENT IS TO BE
SUCCESSFUL (RELIABLE CONTINUOUS HIGH DENSITY
ENERGY)

• THE MOST SUCCESSFUL NASA SPACECRAFTS HAVE BEEN THOSE THAT USED RADIOISOTOPE THERMOELECTRIC
GENERATORS (RTGs) POWERED WITH PU‐238 (NOW IN CRITICAL SHORT SUPPLY).
• "NUCLEAR POWER IS ESSENTIAL TO A LONG‐RANGE, COMMITTED SPACE PROGRAM," SAID DR. LOUIS FRIEDMAN,
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE PLANETARY SOCIETY. "YOU CAN'T DO A THOROUGH EXAMINATION OF THE OUTER PLANETS
WITHOUT IT“.  MANY OF NASA'S EARLIER SPACECRAFT HAVE RELIED ON SOLAR POWER. BUT AT THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S
EXTREMITIES THE SUN ISN'T A PRACTICAL ENERGY SOURCE, SAID PROMETHEUS DIRECTOR ALAN NEWHOUSE. THERE'S
ONLY 1/25 THE SUNLIGHT AROUND JUPITER THAT THERE IS ON EARTH, FOR EXAMPLE. SO A SPACESHIP'S SOLAR PANELS
WOULD HAVE TO BE GARGANTUAN TO GENERATE ENOUGH POWER TO PULL A CRAFT INTO ORBIT AROUND ONE OF
JUPITER'S MOONS. EVEN ON MARS, SOLAR POWER HASN'T BEEN PARTICULARLY USEFUL. IN 1997, THE SUN‐RELIANT
PATHFINDER CRAFT LASTED ONLY THREE MONTHS ON THE RED PLANET (ALSO RECENT PHOENIX MARS LANDER HAD A
VERY SHORT LIFE). BUT IN 1976, MARS VIKING LANDERS, WHICH RELIED ON NUCLEAR ISOTOPES FOR POWER, STAYED
ACTIVE FOR NEARLY SIX YEARS.
• THE YONGGYANG NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN SOUTH KOREA IS RATED AT 6,000MEe AND THE PLANT’S FOOTPRINT IS 115
HECTARES (284 ACRES). HOW MANY GENERAL ELECTRIC 1.5MWe WIND TURBINES WOULD BE NEEDED TO DELIVER THE
SAME POWER AS THE NUCLEAR PLANT?   THE ANSWER IS 16,000 TURBINES (CAPACITY FACTOR OF WIND IS 25%).
ACCORDING TO GE SPACING DESIGN REQUIRMENTS EACH 1.5MWe TURBINE REQUIRES 8.9 HECTARES OF AREA, WHICH
MEANS THE 16,000 TURBINES REQUIRE 142,500 HECTARES (352,000 ACRES).  HENCE THE LAND USE EFFICIENCY FOR
NUCLEAR (AND ENERGY DENSITY ADVANTAGE) IS 1,240 TIMES BETTER THAN WIND!
• BOTH WIND AND SOLAR ARE INTERMITTANT AND NEED TO BE BACKED‐UP WITH CONVENTIONAL HYDRO, COAL, GAS OR
NUCLEAR PLANTS.
• THE SOLAR AND WIND POWER INDUSTRIES HAVE POOR SAFETY RECORDS COMPARED WITH NUCLEAR – THIS INCLUDES
DAMAGE OR INJURY TO HUMANS, FAUNA, FLORA AND PROPERTY.
• NATURAL URANIUM ORE CONTAINS U‐238 (99.3%) AND U‐235 (0.7%).  U‐238 HAS A 1/2 LIFE OF 4.47 BILLION YEARS, U‐235
HAS A 1/2 LIFE OF 0.704 BILLION YEARS.
• U‐235 IS READILY FISSIONABLE AND IS USED IN POWER PLANTS TODAY.  THE MUCH MORE ABUNDANT U‐238 IS ONLY
FERTILE AND MUST BE BRED IN A FAST NEUTRON REACTOR (FAST BREEDER) TO BE TRANSMUTED TO FISSIONABLE PU‐239.
• “BURNING” (IN FAST BREEDER REACTORS) ALL OF THE  PARTIALLY SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL STORED AT NUCLEAR
FACILITIES AROUND THE USA WOULD POWER THE COUNTRY FOR ~200 YEARS WITHOUT HAVING TO USE ANY
NEWLY MINED URANIUM!  THE FIRST ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCED FROM A NUCLEAR REACTOR WAS A SMALL
SODIUM COOLED BREEDER IN IDAHO (CIRCA 1949)
• THORIUM IS ~4 TIMES MORE ABUNDANT IN THE EARTH’S CRUST THAN URANIUM AND IT IS A BETTER
NUCLEAR FUEL THAN URANIUM (GREATER “BURNUP” ON FIRST PASS).

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 21


MINERAL EXPLORATION
EARTH VS MOON AND MARS
• EARTH’S MINERAL DEPOSITS (ANOMALOUS ELEMENTS) FORM BY
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES DRIVEN BY SOLAR HEAT,
INTERNAL RADIONUCLIDE HEAT AND GRAVITY. FORMATION IS
RELATED TO PLATE TECTONICS, EROSION AND DEPOSITION BY
WATER AND WIND AND BY EVAPORATION. MANY HIGH-GRADE
DEPOSITS EXIST.

• THE MOON BEING SMALLER THAN EARTH HAS LOW INTERNAL HEAT
(RADIONUCLIDES), HAS LOW GRAVITY AND NO ATMOSPHERE SO MANY
OF THE MINERAL DEPOSIT FORMATION METHODS ON EARTH DO NOT
EXIST ON THE MOON. WORSE STILL IS THE CONSTANT CHURNING OF
THE LUNAR SURFACE BY ASTERIOD, COMET AND METERIOD IMPACTS –
TENDING TO CREATE A HETEROGENIOUS MIXTURE WITH ONLY
MODEST ELEMENTAL ANOMALIES. WILL NEED TO DEVELOP AND
PROCESS LOW-GRADE DEPOSITS.

• MARS DOES SEEM TO HAVE HAD SOME GEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS SIMILAR
TO EARTH IN THE PAST – IN MY OPINION THERE WILL BE GREATER
OPPORTUNITY TO FIND ENRICHED MINERAL DEPOSITS ON MARS
THAN ON THE MOON, BUT STILL MUCH FEWER THAN ON EARTH.

• MENTION: MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION, PARTIAL MELTING OF CRUST, VMS, SEDEX, HYDROTHERMAL, PLACER
(BEACH AND RIVER) AND EVAPORITES.
• ON EARTH PLATE TECTONICS “LIFTS” SUBAQUEOUS DEPOSITS ONTO LAND (THEN ERODED) FOR EASY DISCOVERY
AND EXTRACTION.
• THE CANADIAN FLOW‐THROUGH TAX‐CREDIT PROGRAM HAS FACILITATED THE RAISING OF BILLIONS OF DOLLARS
YEARLY BY THE EXPLORING COMPANIES; THIS HAS KEPT CANADA IN THE FOREFRONT OF WORLD MINERAL
EXPLORATION AND MINE DEVELOPMENT.  IN ADDITION, CANADA HAS “GROWN” A LARGE BASE OF EXPERTS IN
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, FINANCE, ETC. FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION AND MINE
DEVELOPMENT WORLD‐WIDE.
• STATISTICS FROM THE 2005 CANADIAN INTERGOVERNMENTAL WORKING GROUP ON THE MINERAL INDUSTRY
REPORTED: 1) GLOBALLY, CANADA CONTINUES TO BE THE FOREMOST DESTINATION FOR EXPLORATION CAPITAL.
IN 2004 SOME 20% OF THE MINERAL EXPLORATION PROGRAMS PLANNED BY THE WORLD’S MINING COMPANIES
WERE EXPECTED TO BE CONDUCTED IN CANADA.  AS FOR CANADIAN COMPANIES THEY WERE EXPECTED TO
UNDERTAKE 43% OF ALL THE EXPLORATION PROGRAMS IN THE WORLD IN 2004, A SHARE THAT IS BY FAR THE
LARGEST OF THE GLOBAL MINERAL EXPLORATION MARKET, AND 2) IN 2003 C$12.7 BILLION IN EQUITY FINANCING
WAS RAISED FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AROUND THE WORLD DURING THAT
YEAR.  MORE THAN 45% OF THE NEW FUNDS RAISED WAS FOR COMPANIES LISTED ON THE CANADIAN STOCK
EXCHANGES.
• THE FLOW‐THROUGH TAX INCENTIVE NEEDS TO OPERATE IN A SECURITIES REGULATORY REGIME THAT IS NOT
OVERBEARING AND IS UNDERSTANDING OF RISK/REWARD INVESTING, ESPECIALLY WITH START‐UP VENTURES.
• VANCOUVER AND TORONTO HAVE THE LARGEST POPULATION OF GEOSCIENTISTS IN THE WORLD.
• ALL THIS FROM A COUNTRY THAT ONLY REPRESENTS, 1) 7% OF THE LAND AREA ON EARTH AND, 2) ONLY 0.5% OF
THE WORLD’S POPULATION.
• IT IS TIME THE SPACE INDUSTRY IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES BEGAN TO EMBRACE FLOW‐THROUGH SHARE FINANCING.
• REMEMBER THE BASIC RULE FOR SOPHISTICATED INVESTORS: THE TEAM, THE PROJECT, THE FINANCING.
• IMMEDIATE 100% WRITE‐OFF AND ZERO COST BASE ON SHARES, IN ADDITION SOME PROVINCES OFFER AN
INVESTMENT TAX CREDIT TO THE COMPANY (BC: UP TO 30%).  HENCE AN INVESTOR IN THE 50% TAX BRACKET HAS
AN AFTER‐TAX COST OF 50 CENTS ON THE DOLLAR INVESTED AND THE COMPANY GETS ~$1.25 TO SPEND ON
MINERAL EXPLORATION FOR EACH DOLLAR INVESTED.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 22


HOW TO DISCOVER AN OREBODY EFFICIENTLY WITH
SUCCESS CONTINGENT STEPS
FROM A LARGE AREA VECTORING INTO A SMALL TARGET
AREA TO STUDY IN DETAIL

• SELECT EXPLORATION AREA (GEOLOGY AND HISTORICAL RECORDS)
• REMOTE SENSING (SATELITTE, FIXED-WING, HELICOPTER SURVEYS)
• GROUND TRUTH ANOMALIES FROM REMOTE SENSING
• RECONNAISSANCE GEOCHEMISTRY (STREAM SILTS, LAKE SEDIMENTS)
• PROSPECTING AND GEOLOGICAL MAPPING AND SAMPLING
• GRIDDED SOIL SAMPLING
• GROUND GEOPHYSICS (MAGNETIC, HORIZONTAL LOOP EM, 3D-IP)
• TRENCHING /DRILLING (DEPOSIT DEFINITION & CHARACTERIZATION)
• SCOPING STUDY (GENERAL ECONOMIC REVIEW , +/- 50%)
• PRE-FEASIBILITY (ECONOMIC REVIEW, +/- 25%)
• FEASIBILITY (DETAILED ECONOMIC REVIEW, +/- 15%)
• PRODUCTION DECISION BY MANAGEMENT
• FINANCING
• DEVELOPMENT
• OPERATIONS

• THE EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT SUCCESS CONTINGENT PROCEDURES SHOWN HERE ARE THE
STANDARD MINERAL INDUSTRY STEPS USED ON EARTH.
• AS A MINERAL DISCOVERY ADVANCES THROUGH INCREASINGLY COMPLEX AND MORE EXPENSIVE
EVALUATION STAGES THE RISK IS DIMINISHED AND THE REWARD, OR LACK THEREOF, IS    MORE
CLEARLY DEFINED.
• ON THE MOON AND MARS THE MOST IMPORTANT RESOURCE IS WATER:  LIFE SUPPORT (OXYGEN AND
WATER), ROCKET PROPELLANTS (HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN), FUEL FOR FUEL CELLS (HYDROGEN AND
OXYGEN) AS WELL AS WATER FOR AGRICULTURE AND AQUACULTURE.  EXPLORATION WILL BE
CONCENTRATED ON FINDING WATER ICE BURIED IN REGOLITH AND/OR COLD TRAPS LOCATED IN THE
PERMANENTLY SHADOWED HIGH LATITUDE POLAR CRATER BOTTOMS.
• THE TARGET AREA LOCATED BY ROBOTIC SAMPLING WILL NEED TO BE AUGER DRILLED TO ~2 METERS
DEPTH ON A GRID PATTERN TO DEFINE A LARGE ENOUGH HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN RESERVE (PROVEN
ECONOMIC RESOURCE) TO SATISFY THE HUMAN (AIR AND WATER) AND EQUIPMENT (ROCKET
PROPELLANTS, AND FUEL CELL FUEL) NEEDS FOR AT LEAST 15 YEARS.
• NEUTRON ACTIVATION PROBE WOULD ANALYZE FOR HYDROGEN AT THE BOREHOLE AND REPORT
RESULTS IN REAL TIME.
• THE USE OF HAMMER SEISMIC MAY ASSIST IN DEFINING THE LUNAR BEDROCK PROFILE AND ANY
REGOLITH SUBSURFACE VARIATIONS  (PERHAPS LAYERS OF WATER ICE) WITHIN THE DEVELOPMENT
AREA PRIOR TO DRILLING.
• IF WATER ICE HAPPENS TO BE PRESENT IN THE HIGHLAND REGOLITH THAT WILL CREATE EXCITEMENT
(HIGH‐GRADE ORE) BUT IT COULD CREATE SIGNIFICANT MINING CHALLENGES IF IT IS MASSIVE AND
CEMENTS THE REGOLITH PARTICLES (“PERMAFROST”) – AS THIS HARD (FROZEN) AND ABRASIVE (SHARP
ANGULAR SILICA) MATERIAL WILL BE DIFFICULT TO DRILL AND TO EXCAVATE, LIKE FROZEN ALBERTA OIL
SANDS WHICH ARE TOUGH (NOT BRITTLE) AND HIGHLY ABRASIVE – THESE CONDITIONS REDUCE
MINING EFFICIENCY AND RAPIDLY WEARS CONTACT TOOLS.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 23


REMOTE SENSING
BY SATELLITES
MINERAL EXPLORATION

MULTISPECTRAL
PHOTOGRAPHIC
SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR

ASTER IMAGING IKONOS

WORLDVIEW 2 RADARSAT 2

• ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: RADIO = 10*6 Hz, INFRARED = 10*13Hz, VISIBLE LIGHT = 10*15 Hz, ULTRA
VIOLET = 10*16Hz, GAMMA RAYS = 10*18 Hz.
• ONLY RADIO WAVES AND VISIBLE LIGHT MAKE IT THROUGH EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE, ALL OTHER
WAVELENGTHS ARE BLOCKED AT VARYING DISTANCES BEFORE REACHING THE GROUND.
• IT IS INTERESTING TO NOTE THAT RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DETECTION AND BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF
NEUTRINOS HAS RESULTED IN GEOPHYSICISTS STARTING TO USE NUETRINO OBSERVATIONS TO DETERMINE
THE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES ON EARTH. REFER TO SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, MAY 2010, FOR A
STATUS OF THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RELATED TO NEUTRINOS.
• MDA GEOSPATIAL SERVICES, BASED IN RICHMOND BC, PROVIDES RADARSAT (1 AND 2) REMOTE SYNTHETIC
APERATURE IMAGE DATA TO THE MINING INDUSTRY (SEE: www.gs.mdacorporation.com).
• WORLDVIEW‐2, LAUNCHED OCTOBER 2009, IS THE FIRST HIGH‐RESOLUTION 8‐BAND MULTISPECTRAL
COMMERCIAL SATELLITE. OPERATING AT AN ALTITUDE OF 770 KILOMETERS, WORLDVIEW‐2 PROVIDES 46 CM
PANCHROMATIC RESOLUTION AND 1.85 METER* MULTISPECTRAL RESOLUTION. WORLDVIEW‐2 HAS AN
AVERAGE REVISIT TIME OF 1.1 DAYS AND IS CAPABLE OF COLLECTING UP TO 785,000 SQUARE KILOMETERS
(303,000 SQUARE MILES) OF 8‐BAND IMAGERY PER DAY, GREATLY ENHANCING THE DIGITALGLOBE
MULTISPECTRAL COLLECTION CAPACITY FOR MORE RAPID AND RELIABLE COLLECTION.
• GEOEYE FIRST MADE HISTORY WITH THE IKONOS SATELLITE LAUNCH ON SEPT. 24, 1999. IKONOS, DERIVED
FROM THE GREEK WORD FOR IMAGE, IS THE WORLD'S FIRST COMMERCIAL SATELLITE ABLE TO COLLECT
BLACK‐AND‐WHITE (PANCHROMATIC) IMAGES WITH 82‐CENTIMETER RESOLUTION AND MULTISPECTRAL
IMAGERY WITH 4‐METER RESOLUTION. IMAGERY FROM BOTH SENSORS CAN BE MERGED TO CREATE 1‐METER
COLOR IMAGERY (PAN‐SHARPENED).
• ASTER IS ONE OF THE FIVE STATE‐OF‐THE‐ART INSTRUMENT SENSOR SYSTEMS ON‐BOARD TERRA A SATELLITE
LAUNCHED IN DECEMBER 1999. IT WAS BUILT BY A CONSORTIUM OF JAPANESE GOVERNMENT, INDUSTRY,
AND RESEARCH GROUPS. ASTER MONITORS CLOUD COVER, GLACIERS, LAND TEMPERATURE, LAND USE,
NATURAL DISASTERS, SEA ICE, SNOW COVER AND VEGETATION PATTERNS AT A SPATIAL RESOLUTION OF 90
TO 15 METERS. THE MULTISPECTRAL IMAGES OBTAINED FROM THIS SENSOR HAVE 14 DIFFERENT COLORS,
WHICH ALLOW SCIENTISTS TO INTERPRET WAVELENGTHS THAT CANNOT BE SEEN BY THE HUMAN EYE, SUCH
AS NEAR INFRARED, SHORT WAVE INFRARED AND THERMAL INFRARED THAT ARE USED BY THE MINING
INDUSTRY LOOKING FOR ALTERATION MINERALS RELATED TO OREBODIES (CLAYS AND IRON OXIDE).

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 24


VISIBLE COLOR ANOMALY
PHOTOGRAPHIC

• PROSPECTORS HAVE ALWAYS USED COLOR OF ROCKS AND SOILS TO ASSIST IN EXPLORATION FOR MINERAL
OREBODIES.
• THIS PHOTOGRAPH SHOWS IRON OXIDE STAINING AT THE “COPPER ZONE” ON THE TASCO MINERAL
PROPERTY NEAR TASEKO LAKES, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA. THE PRESENCE OF STRONG IRON OXIDE
STAINING OFTEN MEANS THERE MAY BE OTHER ASSOCIATED BASE AND PRECIOUS METALS PRESENT, THAT
COULD BE IN ECONOMIC ABUNDANCE.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 25


KAOLINITE
ASTER MULTISPECTRAL

• THIS IMAGE COVERS THE IRON OXIDE VISUAL IMAGE ON THE PRIOR SLIDE (COPPER ZONE ON TASCO
PROPERTY) NEAR CENTER OF IMAGE – AT “M” IN MINERAL).
• REMOTE SENSING, BY SATELLITES, OF THE ABSORPTION SPECTRUM FROM REFLECTED SUNLIGHT PLAYS AN
IMPORTANT ROLE IN VECTORING TOWARD MINERAL DEPOSIT DISCOVERY.
• THIS MULTISPECTRAL ASTER IMAGE (SOLAR REFLECTANCE FROM EARTH’S SURFACE) IN THIS EXAMPLE WAS
PURCHASED FROM THE PROCESSES DISTRIBUTED ACTIVE ARCHIVE CENTER OPERATED BY THE UNITED STATES
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (USGS) AND NASA. THE ASTER IMAGERY CONTAINS 14 SPECTRAL BANDS THAT CAN BE
USED FOR SPECTRAL ANALYSIS IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE. THE PIXEL
SIZE IN THIS IMAGE IS 15 METERS.
• A GROUND FOLLOW‐UP TO CHECK THESE RESULTS IS NORMALLY DONE USING A HAND‐HELD REFLECTANCE
SPECTROMETER SUPPORTED, WHERE WARRANTED, BY ROCK AND SOIL SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.
• IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE PIXELS IN THIS IMAGE ARE PRECISELY INDEXED TO THE GPS
LOCATION AND CAN BE READILY LOCATED ON SURFACE BY A GEOLOGIST OR PROSPECTOR USING A HAND‐
HELD GPS UNIT TO PROVIDE GROUND‐TRUTHING.
• NOTE THE USE OF GOOGLE EARTH AS THE “PLATFORM” IN PRESENTING THE REMOTE SENSING DATA .

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 26


IRON OXIDE
ASTER MULTISPECTRAL

• NOTE THAT THE IRON OXIDE ANOMALY SHOWN TO THE LOWER RIGHT IS THE SAME LOCATION SHOWN ON
A PREVIOUS SLIDE (VISIBLE COLOUR ANOMALY) THAT IS A PHOTOGRAPH OF A RUSTY GROUND SURFACE. IT
IS ALSO THE SAME AREA SHOWING A KAOLINITE ANOMALY ON THE PREVIOUS SLIDE. THESE ASSOCIATIONS
ARE A STRONG INDICATOR OF A POSSIBLE PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT BEING PRESENT BECAUSE THERE ARE
KNOWN LARGE PORPHYRY ORE DEPOSITS IN THE GENERAL AREA.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 27


EFFECTIVE HIGH RESOLUTION AIRBORNE
GEOPHYSICAL METHODS USED ON EARTH THAT
NEED A SURVEY TRANSPORT PLATFORM IN ZERO
OR LOW DENSITY ATMOSPHERE

• ELECTROMAGNETIC (CONDUCTORS)
• GRAVIMETRIC
• MAGNETIC (MAGNETITE)
• PHOTOGRAPHIC
• RADIOMETRIC (U, Th, K)
• SPECTROGRAPHIC (SUNLIGHT)
• SYNTHETIC APERATURE RADAR

ALL OF THESE EARTH SYSTEMS PRESENTLY DEPEND ON DIFFERENTIAL
GPS LINKED TO GIS PROGRAMS - SO HAVING LUNAR AND MARS GPS
SYSTEMS WILL BE NECESSARY TO SUPPORT EFFICIENT HIGH PRECISION
MINERAL EXLORATION SURVEYS AND FUTURE MINING OPERATIONS

• WITH NO ATMOSPHERE TO FACILITATE FIXED‐WING OR HELICOPTER TRANSPORT ON
THE MOON AND MARS SOME OTHER TRANSPORT MECHANISM WILL NEED TO BE
DEVELOPED IN ORDER TO “FLY” THESE GEOPHYSICAL INSTRUMENTS AT LOW
ALTITUDES.  ELECTROMAGNETIC (EM), MAGNETIC, GRAVIMETRIC AND RADIOMETRIC
REQUIRE HIGH RESOLUTION AND ARE BEST CONDUCTED WITH SENSORS NOT MORE
THAN 100 METERS ABOVE THE GROUND SURFACE.
• GIVEN THE SMALL DIAMETER OF THE MOON, PERHAPS A SINGLE LAUNCH TO LUNAR
ORBIT WOULD FACILITATE A CONSTELLATION OF SATELLITES TO PROVIDE A GPS
SYSTEM.  MINOR PROPULSION SYSTEMS WOULD NEED TO BE ON EACH SATELLITE TO
MOVE THEM INTO A PROPERLY SPACED GPS SATELLITE CONSTELLATION.  THE MAJOR
CHALLENGE IS TO SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE SIZE OF EARTH’S GPS SATELLITES.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 28


ZTEM
(AFMAG)
GEOTECH
VTEM

AS350B2 ASTAR SURVEY PLATFORM

GEOTECH VTEM
ZTEM
AFMAG

AEROQUEST
AEROTEM II AeroTEM II

• THESE SYSTEMS REQUIRE A SURVEY PLATFORM IN ZERO OR LOW DENSITY ATMOSPHERE IF THEY ARE
TO BE USED ON THE MOON AND MARS RESPECTIVELY.
• ZTEM (AFMAG AT 30HZ TO 700HZ) IS ABLE TO DETECT LARGE MINERAL BODIES (PORPHYRY COPPER)
THROUGH THIN COVER SUCH AS GLACIAL OVERBURDEN OR YOUNG VOLCANIC CAPPING. IT DOES
DEPEND UPON LIGHTENING TO GENERATE THE LOW FREQUENCY EM WAVES – SO PROBABLY HAS NO
CHANCE ON THE MOON.
• THE ZTEM OR Z AXIS TIPPER ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEM IS AN INNOVATIVE AIRBORNE EM SYSTEM
WHICH USES THE NATURAL OR PASSIVE FIELDS OF THE EARTH AS THE SOURCE OF TRANSMITTED
ENERGY. THE EARTH AND IONOSPHERE, BOTH CONDUCTIVE, ACT AS A WAVEGUIDE TO “TRANSMIT”
THE SOURCE ENERGY GREAT DISTANCES. DUE TO THE MANNER IN WHICH THEY PROPAGATE, THESE
NATURAL FIELDS ARE PLANAR AND HORIZONTAL. ANY VERTICAL FIELD IS CAUSED BY CONDUCTIVITY
CONTRASTS IN THE EARTH. THE VERTICAL EM FIELD IS REFERENCED TO THE HORIZONTAL EM FIELD AS
MEASURED BY A SET OF HORIZONTAL BASE STATION COILS. THE PROPRIETARY RECEIVER DESIGN USING
THE ADVANTAGES OF MODERN DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING DELIVERS
EXCEPTIONALLY LOW‐NOISE LEVELS.
• GEOTECH’S VTEM HAS BEEN DESIGNED TO DETECT AND DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN MODERATE TO
EXCELLENT CONDUCTORS USING A LOW BASE FREQUENCY, LONG PULSE WIDTH, AND DERIVED B‐FIELD.
THE B‐FIELD IS DERIVED FROM INTEGRATING DATA COLLECTED AT 96 KHZ OVER THE ENTIRE
WAVEFORM.
• AEROTEM IS AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYING WITH ITS ORIGINAL CONCEPT
OF A CONCENTRIC COIL HELICOPTER‐BORNE TIME DOMAIN EM SYSTEM.
• AEROQUEST HAS DEVELOPED 3 GENERATIONS OF AEROTEM SYSTEMS AND HAS BEEN CONTINUOUSLY
REFINING THE DESIGNS AS AN EXPLORATION TOOL THAT IS OPTIMIZED TO PROVIDE THE MAXIMUM
AMOUNT OF INFORMATION ON THE TARGET APPLICATION. THE COMBINATION OF RESOLUTION,
CONDUCTANCE DISCRIMINATION, AND GEOMETRIC INFORMATION RESULTS IN A SYSTEM WITH A WIDE
APPLICABILITY.
• GEOTECH USES A GEOMETRICS/SCINTREX SPLIT‐BEAM TOTAL‐FIELD MAGNETIC SENSOR, WITH A
SAMPLING INTERVAL OF 0.1 SECONDS AND AN IN‐FLIGHT SENSITIVITY OF 0.02 NT IS UTILIZED. THE
MAGNETOMETER WILL PERFORM CONTINUOUSLY IN AREAS OF HIGH MAGNETIC GRADIENT WITH THE
AMBIENT RANGE OF THE SENSOR APPROXIMATELY 20K‐100K NT.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 29


AIRBORNE MAGNETICS
(HELICOPTER PLATFORM)

COPPER ZONE X

• THIS IMAGE OF TOTAL FIELD MAGNETIC RESPONSE IS BASED UPON AN AIRBORNE AEROTEM II SURVEY
AT THE TASCO PROPERTY IN 2008, USING A HELICOPTER PLATFORM, BY AEROQUEST LIMITED,
MISSISSAUGA, ONTARIO. THIS IS THE SAME AREA THAT SHOWED KAOLINITE, IRON OXIDE (ASTER) AND
VISIBLE RUST IN A PHOTOGRAPH ON PREVIOUS SLIDES. THE MAGNETOMETER WAS FLOWN AT ~50
METERS ABOVE THE GROUND SURFACE.
• THE COMBINATION OF ASTER MULTISPECTRAL SATELLITE IMAGING ALONG WITH HELICOPTER BORNE
EM AND MAGNETIC SURVEYS, BOTH BY REMOTE SENSING, MAKES FOR A POWERFUL AND SUCCESSFUL
COMBINATION OF PROSPECTING TOOLS WHEN SEARCHING FOR MINERAL OREBODIES.
• AGAIN NOTICE THE GOOGLE EARTH PRESENTATION PLATFORM.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 30


GEOTECH ZTEM
HELICOPTER BORNE SURVEY
30HZ IP DT
OVER ONE BILLION MT
PORPHRY COPPER
OREBODY

• THE LARGE OREBODY IN THIS IMAGE IS LOCATED AT THE TWO RED OVALS IN THE CENTER OF THE
IMAGE. THESE REPRESENT THE HIGH RESISTIVITY CORES (POTASSIC ZONE) OF TWO FELSIC IGNEOUS
STOCKS SURROUNDED BY LOWER RESISTIVITY PHYLLIC ZONE AND PROPYLITIC ZONE ALERATION
(YELLOW TO BLUE). NOTE THE DRILL ROADS AND PADS IN AND AROUND THE POTASSIC ZONES. THIS
2010 ZTEM SURVEY WAS CONDUCTED BY GEOTECH IN SOUTH WESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA, NEAR THE
TOWN OF LILLOOET.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 31


EXCEL GEOPHYSICS INC
LONGLINE GRAVITY

• 3D GRAVITY GRADIENT EQUIPMENT (ROTATING ACCELEROMETER GRAVITY‐GRADIOMETER) DESIGNED
AND BUILT BY BELL AEROSPACE (NOW LOCKHEED MARTIN) HAS REVOLUTIONIZED THE USE OF GRAVITY
AS A REMOTE SENSING TOOL FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION.
• THIS HIGH RESOLUTION GRAVITY GRADIENT SYSTEM IS FROM THE USA NAVY WHERE IT WAS USED FOR
SILENT UNDERWATER NAVIGATION BY SUBMARINES.
• THE GROUND STATION GRAVITY SURVEYS SHOWN ARE TO ESTABLISH SURFACE QUALITY CONTROL
POINTS FOR THE WIDE‐AREA AIRBORNE GRADIENT GRAVITY SYSTEM.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 32


EFFECTIVE HIGH RESOLUTION GEOPHYSICAL,
GEOCHEMICAL AND GEOLOGIC METHODS USED ON
EARTH TO DISCOVER AND DELINEATE MINERAL DEPOSITS

• DRILLING, SAMPLING & ANALYSES
• ELECTROMAGNETIC (IP, EM, VLF-EM)
• GEOCHEMICAL SAMPLING & ANALYSES (BIO, MMI, ETC.)
• GRAVIMETRIC
• GROUND PENETRATING RADAR
• MAGNETIC (MAGNETITE)
• RADIOMETRIC (U, Th, K)
• SEISMIC
• SPECTRAL GAMMA LOGGING OF BOREHOLES
• SPECTROGRAPHIC (SUNLIGHT)
• TRENCHING, MAPPING, SAMPLING & ANALYSES
• X-RAY FLOURESCENCE (XRF)
• X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD)

• RECENT ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTATIONAL POWER (HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE)
HAVE FACILITATED MANY HIGH RESOLUTION GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY METHODS INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO: 3D INDUCED POLARIZATION (3D‐IP), 3D SEISMIC AND ZTEM (SEE: www.geotech.ca).
• THESE METHODS ARE NOW AIDING IN DISCOVERY OF NEW OREBODIES THAT WERE NOT DETECTABLE
BY OLDER GEOPHYSICAL METHODS.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 33


SURFACE EXPLORATION

• REMOTE SENSING CAN LEAD EXPLORATION TEAMS TO A POSSIBLE MINERAL OREBODY BUT NOW THE WORK
MUST TURN TO ON‐THE‐GROUND METHODS TO FURTHER DEFINE THE POTENTIAL OF THE REMOTE SENSED
ANOMALIES.
• INITIAL STAGES NORMALLY INCLUDE CLAIM STAKING, RECONNAISANCE GEOCHEMICAL SURVEYS OF SILTS IN
STREAMS AND IN LAKE BOTTOM SEDIMENTS, PROSPECTING, GEOLOGICAL MAPPING AND SAMPLING, GRID
GEOCHEMICAL SOIL SAMPLING AND GRID BIOGEOCHEMICAL (TREE BARK AND TREE BRANCH TIPS) SAMPLING.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 34


CALGARY INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT 2001

ANALOG FOR SEARCHING FOR
WATER ICE UNDER LUNAR OR
MARS REGOLITH

NOGGIN 250 MHz SMART CART
GROUND PENETRATING
RADAR (GPR) SURVEY
(SENSORS & SOFTWARE, INC.)
&
6-C HAMMER SEISMIC SURVEY
USING 60 CHANNEL EG&G
SEISMIC RECORDER AND 20 3-
C GEOPHONES
USING A SMALL SLEDGE
HAMMER TO STRIKE A
CLEATED BASE PLATE ON
TOP (P-WAVE) EAST TO WEST
(SH-WAVE) THEN WEST TO
EAST (OPPOSITELY
POLARIZED SH-WAVE)

• GROUND PENETRATING RADAR AND SEISMIC SURVEYS WOULD BE USEFUL IN DETECTING AND
DELINEATING WATER‐ICE LAYERS THAT MAY BE IN SHALLOW LAYERS BELOW/IN THE LUNAR AND MARS
REGOLITHS.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 35


3D INDUCED POLARIZATION
(3D-IP) SURVEYS
SJ GEOPHYSICS LTD.
SEARCHING FOR METALLIC
DEPOSITS (MASSIVE AND
DISSEMINATED)

• 3D‐IP IS A COMPLEX BUT VERY EFFECTIVE ELECTRICAL METHOD DEFINING POTENTIAL DRILL TARGETS
TO AT LEAST 400 METERS DEPTH.
• TITAN 24 IS INDUSTRY RENOWN FOR IMAGING THE SUBSURFACE AT DEPTHS GREATER THAN
TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGIES. BY EXPLOITING THE BENEFITS OF DISTRIBUTED AND MULTI‐PARAMETER
DATA, QUANTEC GEOSCIENCE CLIENTS OBTAIN DETAILED INFORMATION ON RESOURCES, ALTERATION,
STRUCTURE AND GEOLOGY LEADING TO MORE COST‐EFFECTIVE DRILL TARGETING NEAR SURFACE AND
UP TO DEPTHS OF 1.5KM. THE SHEER SIZE OF THE TITAN 24 SURVEY WAS COMPREHENSIVE ENOUGH TO
ESTABLISH QUANTEC AS LEADERS OF GEOPHYSICAL SERVICES. THE NUMBER 24 IS EMBLEMATIC OF THE
SURVEY’S CUTTING‐EDGE FEATURES: A LONGER LINE LENGTH FOR GREATER DATA COLLECTION;
INCREASED EQUIPMENT FOR A LARGE NETWORK OF SIMULTANEOUS SENSORS; BETTER QUALITY OF
EQUIPMENT WITH 24‐BIT TECHNOLOGY; SENSITIVITY ADJUSTMENT FOR LOCAL CONDITIONS; AND TIME
SERIES COLLECTION.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 36


REQUIRES VLF LOOP-EM
TRANSMITTERS ON MOON TRANSMITTER-RECEIVER
AND MARS – SIMILAR TO
SUBMARINE RADIO
FREQUENCIES ON EARTH

VLF-EM RECEIVER

• VLF‐EM UNIT RECEIVES STRONGEST SIGNAL WHEN TRANSMITTING STATION IS ALIGNED WITH AXIS OF
CONDUCTOR BEING EXPLORED.  CROSS‐OVERS IN RADIO EM WAVES INDICATES A BURIED CONDUCTOR.
• NOTE THAT USA AND RUSSIAN NAVIES USE A VLF‐EM SIGNAL FROM LAND OF ~30,000HZ (WAVES PER
SECOND) THAT CAN BE PICKED UP BY SUBMARINES TO DEPTHS OF 20 METERS.  THESE VLF‐EM SIGNALS
ARE USED EXTENSIVELY BY THE MINING INDUSTRY FOR VLF‐EM SURVEYS.  NOTE THAT AT THIS
FREQUENCY THE WAVELENGTH IS ~10 KM (VELOCITY (SPEED OF LIGHT) = FREQUENCY X WAVELENGTH).
• THE VLF‐EM UNIT SHOWN IS SMALL (3x9x6 INCHES) AND VERY PORTABLE AND REQUIRES LOW POWER
AS IT IS RECEIVING THE RADIO SIGNAL GENERATED FOR SUBMARINE COMMUNICATIONS (NOT
TRANSMITTING).  THE UNIT IS MEASURING THE “BENDING” OF RADIO WAVES AS THEY PASS THROUGH
AND AROUND ELECTROMAGNETIC CONDUCTIVE SOURCES IN THE GROUND.
• THE HAND‐HELD LOOP‐EM METHOD WOULD HAVE DIRECT APPLICATION ON THE MOON AND MARS
(INTERNAL TRANSMITTED EM POWER SOURCE) WHILE THE VLF‐EM METHOD WOULD REQUIRE AN
INDEPENDENT STRONG RADIO SOURCE (IN THE 14 TO 30 kHz RANGE) LOCATED ON THE MOON AND
MARS.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 37


THE BEEP MAT
(EM AND MAGNETICS)

INSTRUMENTATION GDD INC.

• THE BEEP MAT IS A POWERFUL MINIATURIZED ELECTROMAGNETIC SURVEY
INSTRUMENT THAT EFFICIENTLY AND INEXPENSIVELY DETECTS CONDUCTIVE AND
MAGNETIC OUTCROPS, SUBCROPS OR BOULDERS HIDDEN UNDER UP TO 10 FEET (3
METERS) OF OVERBURDEN. THIS UNIT WOULD HAVE DIRECT APPLICATION ON THE
MOON AND MARS.
• WITH ITS INCREASED MEMORY AND ITS NEW SOFTWARE, THE BEEP MAT, MODEL
BM8, ENABLES THE STORAGE OF UP TO 100 HOURS OF FIELD SURVEY. THE BM8
READING MODULE RECORDS THE MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND THE CONDUCTIVITY
10 TIMES PER SECOND WHILE THE GPS POSITION IS RECORDED ONCE PER SECOND.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 38


OLYMPUS CORPORATION
INNOV-X SYSTEMS
XRF AND XRD INSTRUMENTS

INSPECTOR EXP
GEIGER –MUELLER TUBE
RADIATION DETECTOR

ASD INC.
MULTISPECTRAL &
HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING
ABSORPTION SPECTRA
(HAND-HELD PDA WITH
GPS & GIS)

• THESE HAND‐HELD DEVICES FACILITATE RAPID FIELD ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE MINERAL AND ELEMENT
CONCENTRATION (MUCH HIGHER TECHNOLOGY THAN THE PROSPECTOR’S GOLDPAN).
• ALL OF THESE METHODS WOULD HAVE GOOD APPLICATION ON THE MOON AND MARS.
• MORE WORK NEEDS TO BE DONE ON PERFECTING A MOBILE COMPACT AND RUGGED LASER
ABLATION/MASS SPECTROMETER INSTRUMENT FOR DETECTING AND PRECISELY MEASURING LOW
CONCENTRATIONS OF GOLD, SILVER, RATE EARTHS AND PGEs.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 39


DELINEATING AN OREBODY

• IF INITIAL STAGE EXPLORATION IS SUCCESSFUL, IN FURTHER DEFINITION OF AN INTERESTING POTENTIAL
MINERAL DEPOSIT, THEN THE MORE EXPENSIVE GROUND METHODS, INCLUDING TRENCHING AND DRILLING
ARE WARRANTED.
• THESE METHODS OF EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY AND RESOURCE DEFINITION, AS CONDUCTED ON EARTH
TODAY, WILL NEED TO BE APPLIED IN A SIMILAR FASHION ON THE MOON, MARS, ASTERIODS, COMETS AND
THE MOONS OF JUPITER AND SATURN – WITH DUE CONSIDERATION FOR THE EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE,
ATMOSPHERE (OR LACK THEREOF), AVAILABILITY OF WATER AND COSMIC RAY BOMBARDMENT.
• PLANETARY BODIES THAT ARE MINERAL RICH AND ARE IMPORTANT FOR HUMAN ADVANCEMENT INTO THE
COSMOS WILL NEED TO BE EQUIPPED WITH NUCLEAR POWER, GPS AND SUITABLE HUMAN HABITATS, AND
HAVE A READILY AVAILABLE AND ABUNDANT WATER RESERVE.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 40


FEASIBILITY STUDY
EXAMPLE OF GRID DRILLING TO DEFINE A MINERAL DEPOSIT
CROSS SECTION
CORE DRILLING

• AS A MINERAL DISCOVERY ADVANCES THROUGH INCREASINGLY COMPLEX AND MORE EXPENSIVE EVALUATION
STAGES THE RISK IS DIMINISHED AND THE REWARD, OR LACK THEREOF, IS MORE CLEARLY DEFINED.
• NORMAL STAGES OF REVIEW AND REPORTING INCLUDE: ORDER‐OF‐MAGNITUDE, SCOPING, PRE‐FEASIBILITY
AND FEASIBILITY.  THE OBJECTIVE IS TO MAXIMIZE THE DCF‐NPV OF THE DEPOSIT BY REVIEWING VARIOUS
COMBINATIONS OF MINING AND PROCESSING AND THEREBY DETERMINE ITS TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY AND
ECONOMIC VIABILITY.
• EACH STAGE REQUIRES INCREASING AMOUNTS OF MONEY FOR DRILLING, SAMPLING AND METALLURGICAL
TESTING.  THE CROSS SECTION OF AN OREBODY ABOVE SHOWS A STEP TOWARD THE 3D SPATIAL DEFINITION
(OREBODY MODEL) OF THE TARGET MINERAL IN RELATION TO THE STRIP RATIO, TONNAGE, GRADE, RECOVERY
AND WORK INDEX.  THEN USING COMPUTER HOSTED ALGORITHIMS (INCLUDING “BLOCK MODELLING”) THE
VARIOUS EXTRACTION AND PROCESSING METHODS CAN BE EVALUATED/OPTIMIZED AND THE ECONOMICS OF
THE VENTURE DEFINED.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 41


MOBILE EQUIPMENT ON THE MOON

MUST BE RELIABLE, FLEXIBLE AND
REDUNDANT TO MINIMIZE COSTS
RELATED TO TRAINING, PARTS
INVENTORY, OPERATING AND TO
OPTIMIZE SAFETY

• MENTION PROBLEMS ON EARTH WITH MINES IN REMOTE LOCATIONS USING PROTOTYPE AND/OR
MIXED EQUIPMENT FLEETS THAT CAN RESULT IN BUSINESS FAILURE.
• RADIATION: COSMIC AND SOLAR – COSMIC RAYS ARE PRINCIPALLY IONS – MOSTLY PROTONS AND A
FEW HEAVY NUCLEI TRAVELING AT NEAR THE SPEED OF LIGHT.  PROTECTION FROM SOLAR RADIATION
~20 CENTIMETERS OF REGOLITH, FROM COSMIC RADIATION ~1.5 METERS OF REGOLITH.  THERE
SHOULD BE A LOT OF RESEARCH GOING ON NOW TO FIND SHIELD AGAINST THIS SPACE RADIATION
DANGER.
• LUNAR EQUITORIAL SURFACE GRAVITY: 1.6 METERS/SEC2 (EARTH: 9.8 METERS/SEC2).
• TILT OF LUNAR AXIS IS 1.53 DEGREES RELATIVE TO THE MOON’S ORBITAL PLANE AROUND THE SUN.
THIS NEAR PERPENDICULAR ANGLE ALLOWS POLAR REGION HIGH TOPOGRAPHIC AREAS TO BE IN
ALMOST CONSTANT SUNLIGHT WHILE TOPOGRAPHIC LOWS, SUCH AS MANY CRATER BOTTOMS, ARE IN
PERPETUAL SHADE.
• 50% OF DUST PARTICLES ON MOON BETWEEN 20 AND 100 MICRONS, AND THE PARTICLES ARE
ANGULAR AND SHARP AND HIGHLY ABRASIVE (HIGH SILICA CONTENT).
• DUST LEVITATES AT THE TERMINATOR BECAUSE OF CHARGE CHANGE (DAY + AND NIGHT ‐).  NOT SURE
WHAT HAPPENS AT POLES.  MORE REMOTE SENSING NEEDED ON THIS PHENOMENON.  THE LARGE
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY CHANGE WITH VISIBLE AND UV IRRADIATION, COMBINED WITH THE VERY
LOW ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND DIELECTRIC LOSSES OF LUNAR MATERIALS, CAN PRODUCE AN
EXTREMELY EFFICIENT ELECTROSTATIC CHARGING MECHANISM BETWEEN OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE
LUNAR TERMINATOR.  LUNAR DUST MITIGATION IS AN AREA OF RESEARCH THAT NEEDS MORE
ATTENTION.
• NOTE THAT WHILE LUNAR GRAVITY IS ~1/6 EARTH GRAVITY, F=MA STILL APPLIES SO EQUIPMENT
DESIGN IS THE SAME AS ON EARTH TO WITHSTAND THE SAME ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION
FORCES. IN ADDITION, EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE DESIGNED LATERALLY WIDE AND VERTICALLY LOW TO
MITIGATE AGAINST TIPPING.  ALSO, SWING HYDRAULICS SHOULD BE SLOWED TO LOWER
ACCELERATION AND DECELERATON FORCES THAT COULD RESULT IN TIPPING OF EQUIPMENT.
• THE MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OPERATING TEMPERATURES THROUGHOUT THE EQUIPMENT AT ALL
TIMES WILL BE IMPORTANT AS ISOLATED HEAT BUILDUP DURING OPERATION COULD CAUSE FAILURES
(NO ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION IN LUNAR VACCUUM), AS COULD DEEP COLD AT IDLE TIME DURING
LUNAR NIGHT OR AT ALL TIMES IN DARK COLD TRAPS.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 42


• NOTE THAT ON EARTH, AT MINING AND CONSTRUCTION SITES, THE MOST FLEXIBLE PIECE OF MOBILE
EQUIPMENT IS THE TRACKED EXCAVATOR.
• IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE CREWS MUST INCLUDE A COMBINATION OF SKILLS
INCLUDING STABLE, INTELLIGENT, EDUCATED, EXPERIENCED AND PRACTICAL INDIVIDUALS.
• MY EXPERIENCE AT REMOTE MINES SHOWS THAT ALL INDIVIDUALS MUST CONTRIBUTE TO THE
SUCCESSFUL ACCOMPLISHMENT OF PROJECT OBJECTIVES. THE MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS, ON THE JOB,
TO REMOTE OPERATIONS SUCCESS ARE THE MECHANICS, WELDERS, ELECTRICIANS, MILLWRIGHTS,
ELECTRONICS TECHNICIANS, ETC. ‐ MORE SO THAN THE ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS.
• CAREFULLY SELECT CREW MEMBERS TO BE EXPERIENCED AND MENTALLY STABLE (CAPABLE).
• MAINTAIN GOOD CREW QUARTERS WITH RECREATIONAL AND MEDICAL FACILITIES TO ENSURE HIGH
MORAL.
• RELIABLE SOURCE OF ELECTRIC POWER AND HEAT IS ESSENTIAL – IN MY OPINION NUCLEAR (FISSION) IS
THE BEST GENERATOR.
• CROSS TRAIN CREW MEMBERS TO ENHANCE MULTI‐TASKING CAPABILITIES.
• STANDARDIZE EQUIPMENT AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE INCLUDING MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND
HYDRAULIC ‐ FUNCTIONS AND FITTINGS.
• MAINTAIN SUFFICIENT INVENTORY OF SPARE PARTS AND MATERIALS TO OPERATE EFFICIENTLY.
• MAINTAIN A MODERN MECHANICAL, MACHINING AND ELECTRICAL SHOP TO OPTIMIZE EQUIPMENT
AVAILABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY (PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR).
• MAINTAIN AN EFFICIENT COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK ON, TO/FROM THE OPERATIONS SITE, WITH
INTERNET ACCESS TO THE CREW (GOOGLE’S VINTON SERF IS WORKING ON A NEW PLANETARY AND
INTERPLANETARY INTERNET, SEE: HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=XTMYM3GMYOQ).
• A GOOD ANALOG FOR THE LUNAR BASE IS THE DISTANT EARLY WARNING LINE (DEW LINE) BUILT BY
THE USA AIRFORCE ACROSS THE USA AND CANADIAN HIGH ARCTIC DURING THE COLD WAR. THE DEW
LINE RECORDS, IF STILL AVAILABLE, WOULD BE A VALUABLE SOURCE OF INFORMATION IN PLANNING
THE LUNAR BASE.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 43


• EQUIPMENT MUST BE VERSATILE SO THAT IT CAN PERFORM BOTH DEVELOPMENT
AND OPERATIONS TASKS.
• FIRST EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE SMALL, AND THEN AS DEVELOPMENT PROGRESSES
AND OPERATIONS MATURE, LARGER (BUT SIMILAR) EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE
DEPLOYED.
• THE FIRST SMALL EQUIPMENT COULD THEN BE ADAPTED (NUCLEAR POWER (RTGS),
EXTRA HEAT TRACING, INSULATING, ETC.) FOR EXPLORATION OF DEEP COLD TRAPS IN
CRATER BOTTOMS IN THE VICINITY OF THE LUNAR MINING BASE EXPLORING FOR
WATER ICE DEPOSITS (HIGH RISK, HIGH REWARD VENTURE).
• BE AWARE THAT MINING PERMAFROST ON EARTH IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT (TOUGH
(STRONG) AND ABRASIVE) – IT WILL BE NO DIFFERENT ON THE MOON AND MARS.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 44

John A Chapman opportunities minerals space 20120131

John A Chapman opportunities minerals space 20120131

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