1. NATO PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE LEADERSHIP REFERENCE CURRICULUM
Learning Objectives and Subject Topics
Learning Objectives:
I) The Essence of Leadership.
Leadership is a universally desirable outcome that often depends on societal and organizational norms, values, and beliefs that
occur within situational and cultural dynamics. Fundamentally, leadership is a process by which an individual influences a group
of individuals to achieve a common goal through key elements that include personal characteristics, style, influence, power, and a
foundational knowledge of applicable leadership theory.
i. Identify, understand, and describe those key elements of leadership that contribute to the attainment of desirable
outcomes.
ii. Identify, understand, and describe the five unique obligations of a military officer that reinforce commitment to duty and
cultivate character in leadership.
iii. Apply those key elements of leadership to specific problems and situations within societal and organizational settings that
necessitate situational and cultural considerations, both in a classroom setting and in the real world.
II) Professional Military Leadership.
The special trust and confidence conferred upon military officers requires an internalization and appreciation for the higher calling
and professional tenets of military service that forms the foundation of military culture and guides military leadership in the
direction and management of personnel and resources.
i. Identify, understand, and describe the professional tenets of military service that include responsibility, corporateness,
expertise, and the management of violence.
ii. Differentiate and explain transactional and transformational leadership and the ability to motivate, empower, and develop
subordinates through use of power and influence.
iii. Understand and describe the importance of commander’s intent that derives historical precedence from Auftragstaktik.
iv. Apply the characteristics of military culture and tenets of professional military service to specific problems and situations
that occur within and across cultural boundaries, both in a classroom setting and in the real world.
III) The Military Leader as an Exemplar.
The solidarity and strength of the officer corps relies upon the professional, technical, and administrative acumen of military
officers that is largely a function of personality, behavioral integrity, and excellence in commandership.
i. Understand and explain the importance of professional, technical and administrative acumen as a military officer.
ii. Understand and describe how personality and leader communication skills are essential elements of commandership and
influence the performance outcome of subordinates.
iii. Analyze and explain how behavioral integrity and excellence in commandership promotes solidarity and strength in the
officer corps, success as a military commander, and enthusiastic subordinate attitudes.
iv. Describe climate, culture and vision within military organizations and how to synergize these elements to achieve
operational effectiveness and desired outcomes.

2. v. Understand how human factors affect a leader’s ability to influence and motivate subordinates and how to mitigate these
factors through training, philosophic orientation, and psychological preparation.
Title of the Block: The Essence of Leadership
PAP-DIB Objectives
Block Description:
This block addresses the key elements of leadership that is
required of all leaders, regardless of profession, to achieve
desirable outcomes. Effective leaders take into
consideration the situational and cultural uniqueness of
societal and organizational norms, values and beliefs.
Appreciating, learning, and mastering the intersection
between the key elements of leadership and the situations in
which they occur is necessary for any leader, and requires
dedicated education and foundational knowledge of
leadership theory.
Block Learning Objectives:
a. Identify, understand, and describe those key
elements of leadership that contribute to the
attainment of desirable outcomes.
b. Apply those key elements of leadership to specific
problems and situations within societal and
organizational settings that necessitate situational
and cultural considerations, both in a classroom
setting and in the real world.
c. Identify, understand, and describe the five unique
obligations of a military officer that reinforce
commitment to duty and cultivate character in
leadership.
Issues for Consideration:
a. Are those key elements of leadership dependent on
a specific country, political system or societal
norms, values and beliefs?
b. How do situational and cultural considerations
affect the style of leadership utilized and the
perception of leader characteristics?
c. What types of power can a leader draw upon to
influence individuals? How does position power
differ from personal power? Is power a necessary
element of leadership? How does power relate to
the six different styles of leadership identified in the
GLOBE study? How does organizational structure,
and situational and cultural considerations impact
the use of power?
d. What universally recognized characteristics do
outstanding leaders possess? How do these
characteristics contribute to the different styles of
leadership? Are individuals born with these
characteristics or are they acquired over time?
What measures can a leader take to develop
characteristics of an outstanding leader?
Learning Methods:
Teaching delivery will include lectures by expert
practitioners, seminars, case studies, exercises and classroom
simulations.
Selected Bibliography:
Bass, Bernard M. Bass and Stogdill’s Handbook of
Leadership: A survey of Theory and Research. New York,
NY: Free Press, 1990.
Burns, James M. Leadership. New York, NY: Harper &
Row, 1978.
French, John R. and Bertram Raven. The Bases of Social
Power. In D. Cartwright, ed. Studies in Social Power. Ann
Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, 1959.
House, Robert J., Paul Hanges, Mansour Javidan, Peter
Dorfman, and Vipin Gupta, eds. Culture, Leadership, and
Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2004.
Northouse, Peter G. Leadership: Theory and Practice, 5th
Edition. Thousand, Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2009.
Rost, Joseph. Leadership for the Twenty-First Century. New
York, NY: Praeger, 1991.
Stockdale, J.B. A Vietnam Experience, Duty; Address to the
Class of 1983, United States Military Academy. (July,
1979).

3. Title of the Block: Professional Military Leadership
PAP-DIB Objectives
Block Description:
This block addresses the professional tenets of military
service that form the foundation of military culture and
reinforce the special trust and confidence bestowed upon
military officers. Appreciating the unique obligations of
military service is essential to effective management and
direction of personal and resources toward desired outcomes
by empowering subordinates through the use of transactional
or transformational leadership.
Block Learning Objectives:
a. Identify, understand, and describe the professional
tenets of military service that include responsibility,
corporateness, expertise, and the management of
violence.
b. Differentiate and explain transactional and
transformational leadership and the ability to
motivate, empower, and develop subordinates
through use of power and influence.
c. Understand and describe the importance of
commander’s intent that derives historical
precedence from Auftragstaktik.
d. Apply the characteristics of military culture and
tenets of professional military service to specific
problems and situations that occur within and
across cultural boundaries, both in a classroom
setting and in the real world.
Issues for Consideration:
a. Are the professional tenets of military service and
military culture dependent on a specific country,
political system or societal norms, values and
beliefs?
b. How do situational and cultural considerations
affect military professionalism and the ability of
military officers to direct personnel and the
management of resources?
c. What human factors affect performance in combat
situations? In what situations does transactional
and transformational leadership help empower,
motivate and direct personnel?
d. Does military service and culture require
professional doctrine that incorporates discipline,
responsibility and accountability? What impact
does this have on military leadership?
e. Why is commander’s intent important? How does
it relate to command and control at the tactical and
operational level of warfare?
Learning Methods:
Teaching delivery will include lectures by expert
practitioners, seminars, case studies, exercises and classroom
simulations.
Selected Bibliography:
Bass, Bernard M. “From Transactional to Transformational
Leadership: Learning to Share the Vision,” Organizational
Dynamics. 18, no. 3 (Winter 1990): 19-31.
English, Allan, ed. The Operational Art: Canadian
Perspectives, Leadership and Command. Ontario, Canada:
Canadian Defense Academy Press, 2006.
French, John R. and Bertram Raven. The Bases of Social
Power. In D. Cartwright, ed. Studies in Social Power. Ann
Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, 1959.
House, Robert J., Paul Hanges, Mansour Javidan, Peter
Dorfman, and Vipin Gupta, eds. Culture, Leadership, and
Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2004.
Huntington, Samuel P. The Soldier and the State: Theory
and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge, MA:
The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1985.
Janowitz, Morris. The Professional Soldier: A Social and
Political Portrait. The Free Press, 1971.
Nye, Roger H. The Challenge of Command. New York, NY:
Berkley Publishing Group, 1986.
Tzu, Sun. The Art of War. Samuel B. Griffith (Translator).
New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1963.
U.S. Department of Defense. The Armed Forces Officer. The
National Defense University Press and Potomac Books, Inc.
2007.

4. Von Clausewitz, Carl. On War. Michael Howard and Peter
Paret (Eds., Translators). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press, 1976.
Title of the Block: The Military Leader as an Exemplar
PAP-DIB Objectives
Block Description:
This block underscores the role of military leaders as
vanguards for solidarity in the officer corps and how
professional development of subordinates through
personality, behavioral integrity and commitment rely upon
principles of military command. Understanding how to
synergize organizational climate, culture and vision vis-à-vis
professional, technical and administrative acumen is critical
to achieving operational effectiveness and desired outcomes
Block Learning Objectives:
a. Understand and explain the importance of
professional, technical and administrative acumen
as a military officer.
b. Understand and describe how personality and
leader communication skills are essential elements
of commandership and influence the performance
outcome of subordinates.
c. Analyze and explain how behavioral integrity and
excellence in commandership promotes solidarity
and strength in the officer corps, success as a
military commander, and enthusiastic subordinate
attitudes.
d. Describe climate, culture and vision within military
organizations and how to synergize these elements
to achieve operational effectiveness and desired
outcomes.
e. Understand how human factors influence leader’s
ability to influence and motivate subordinates and
how to mitigate these factors through training,
philosophic orientation, and psychological
preparation.
Issues for Consideration:
a. Is professional, technical and administrative
acumen dependent on a specific country, political
system and/or societal norms, values and beliefs?
b. How do leader communication skills impact the
formation of command climate and culture? Is
climate and culture dependent upon leader
personality? If so, how? What constitutes a vision?
How does vision influence the performance
outcomes of subordinates and overall operational
effectiveness? How do motivation, performance
counseling and goal setting affect organizational
climate, culture and vision?
c. How does behavioral integrity and exemplification
relate to transformational leadership? Does
behavioral integrity shape subordinate attitudes and
ensure solidarity, professionalism in the officer
corps?
d. Is professional military education an important
aspect of officership? How does professional,
technical and administrative acumen affect
commandership and operational success?
e. How do human factors such as fear, guilt, courage,
inspiration, affect military members? How can a
leader increase a subordinate’s mental, emotional,
and psychological resiliency and reduce the effects
of combat stress?
Learning Methods:
Teaching delivery will include lectures by expert
practitioners, seminars, case studies, exercises and classroom
simulations.
Selected Bibliography:
Cohen, Eliot A. Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen,
and Leadership in Wartime. New York, NY: The Free Press,
2002.
Creveld, Martin Van. Command in War. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1985.
Gray, Glenn J. The Warriors: Reflections on Men in Battle.
Lincoln: NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1959.
Grossman, Dave and Loren W. Christensen. On Combat:
The Psychology and Physiology of Deadly Conflict in War
and in Peace. Chicago, IL: PPCT Research Publications,
2007.
Hart, B.H. Liddell. Great Captains Unveiled. Cambridge,
MA: Da Capo Press, 1996.
Jones, Archer. The Art of War in the Western World, pp.
434-716. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2001.

5. Keegan, John. The Mask of Command. New York, NY:
Penguin Books, 1987.
Simons, Tony. “Behavioral Integrity: The Perceived
Alignment between Managers’ Words and Deeds as a
Research Focus,” Organizational Science. 13, no. 1(January-
February 2002): 18-35.

6. Keegan, John. The Mask of Command. New York, NY:
Penguin Books, 1987.
Simons, Tony. “Behavioral Integrity: The Perceived
Alignment between Managers’ Words and Deeds as a
Research Focus,” Organizational Science. 13, no. 1(January-
February 2002): 18-35.