2014 staar review

Exploration &
Colonization
(1215-1763)

Magna Carta - 1215
-Limited power of the king
- Said parliament decides tax
- Gave citizens right to a fair speedy trial
English Bill of Rights -
Lords and elected representatives
Parliament
Citizens’ Rights
British Documents/Gov’t
that influenced us:

Columbus
Discovers
Americas in
1492

Columbian ExchangeEffect of the exchange:
Good: New crops and farming methods to Europe
Bad: Diseases spread through the Americas

Names for England
- England
- Great Britain
- Britain
- British
- English

1. Reasons for English
Colonization
• Social-
• Economic-
• Religious-
(Glory)
(Gold)
(God)

8. Mercantilism
• Economic system where colony can
only trade with Mother Country
(England). Hurt the colony’s economy

2. Jamestown, Virginia- 1607
• First permanent English
settlement in North America.
Hardships
- Undrinkable Water
- Disease
- Swampy Land
- Indian Attacks
- Starvation (FAMINE)

3. Virginia House of Burgesses
• First representative assembly
in the colonies.
Representative =
Someone who is
selected to speak
for the people

5. Representative Government
• Power is held by the people who
elect representatives to look out
for their interests.

Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut
• Wrote by Thomas Hooker
• The first CONSTITUTION written
in the Colonies
Constitution= a plan
for how your
government works

4. 1620
• Founding of Plymouth Bay Colony
• Pilgrims escape religious persecution
• They signed the Mayflower Compact-
Early example of self government.
Persecution= being treated
badly because of your beliefs

Religion in the
ColoniesMassachusetts – The Pilgrims
were PURITANS and did not
allow any other beliefs.
Rhode Island – Roger Williams and
Anne Hutchinson created a
colony of RELIGIOUS
FREEDOM. (Est. future
principle)
Pennsylvania – The Quakers lead
by William Penn believed in
PEACE no matter what
Maryland – CATHOLICS came here
so they could practice there
beliefs.

Triangular Trade
• Buying and selling of
humans for forced labor.
Middle
Passage
The terrible journey for
slaves from Africa to
America. Packed,
dirty ships with little
food.

10. Colonial Economies
• Northern (New England)-
Industrial, ship building,
fishing.
• Southern- Agricultural.
Economy: crops like cotton,
indigo, corn, tobacco, grain,
rice
WHY? Rich soil and flat lands
Economy: Factories Textiles,
Lumber, Merchants (trading)
WHY? Rocky soil and hills

6. Plantations
• Large farms that
usually grow one
kind of cash crop.
• Like small cities
with a Church,
butcher, and
everything you
need
• Used slaves as
main labor

7. Cash Crops
• Grown in large fields to make
money. Harvested by slaves.

Causes of War:
1. Colonist wanted to
move west into French
land.
2. Made France mad.
3. War started
French and IndiansVS British and
Colonists
French and Indian War

- Wrote by
Benjamin
Franklin
- Colonies unite
to Fight French
Albany Plan of Union

Effect of the French and Indian War
• England Wins
• Doubles size
of Colonial
Land
• England has
HUGE debt

Problems from French & Indian War
Proclamation of 1763
Proclamation Line
=
England’s war debt
means higher taxes
for colonies.

“Taxation Without
Representation”
Colonies were most
angry about not having
a representative in
Parliament.
Parliament=
England’s
representatives.
They decide
taxes and laws.

13. King George III
• King of
England
during the
American
Revolution.

1.Navigation Acts
2.Proclamation of 1763
3.Sugar Act (Tax)
4.Stamp Act
(Tax on paper)
6.Boston Massacre
5.Townshend Acts
(Group of Taxes)
7. Tea Act
8.Boston Tea Party
9.Intolerable Acts
(Blockade on
Massachusetts)
“Taxation without representation!”
Causes of American Revolution

Boston Massacre
Bloody Massacre
• Violence in Boston killed
Crispus Attucks and fueled
the fire for revolution.

Two types of Colonists
Loyalist Patriot
Stay with
ENGLAND!!
REVOLUTION!
Revolution=
A major change

15. Samuel Adams
• Opposed British
taxation.
• Helped form the
Sons of Liberty.
Sons of Liberty=
a group who wanted
REVOLUTION.
Responsible for the
Boston Tea Party

16. Patrick Henry
Known for his
“Give Me Liberty
Or Give Me Death”
speech.

17. Thomas Paine
• Wrote
“Common
Sense” which
gave reasons
to fight for
independence.

Declaration of Independence (1776)
- Letter to the King from
the Colonies
- A break up letter
Listed the Grievances:
1. Tax w/out Reps
2. King has all power
3. Protesting Illegal
4. Search w/no warrant
5. Quartering of troops
6. No trial by jury

18. Thomas Jefferson
• Wrote the Declaration
of Independence in
1776.
• Believed all humans
had Unailienable
Rights: Life, liberty,
and the pursuit of
happiness.

Unalienable Rights
• Rights that cannot be taken
away.
• All people’s God given rights
when they are born.
• In the Declaration of
Independence they are-
“Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit
of Happiness”

20. George Washington
• Commander
of the
Continental
Army.

Battle of Lexington and Concord
• Opening battles of the American Revolution.
• Looking for Samuel Adams, John Hancock and
Weapons
• “Shot heard around the world”
Start of the REVOLUTIONARY WAR
(1775)

Battle of Saratoga
• Battle which was the turning
point of the revolution.
• France began to help the
colonies after this victory.
Victory

23. Benjamin Franklin
• Helped
convince
France to
help the
colonists
fight the
British.

Winter at Valley Forge
• Where Washington’s army spent a difficult
winter but emerged a stronger force.
• Training = Stronger Army

Battle of Yorktown
• Ended the American Revolution.
• Cornwallis (British General) surrenders

Treaty of Paris (1781)
• British recognized American independence.
• Mississippi River became the western
border of the U.S.
United States
France
Spain

the Constitution
(1783 to 1787)

Articles of Confederation
• 1st U.S. Constitution
• Weak National government.
Enforce
laws
Power to
tax
National
Courts
National
Army
Remember:
Constitution means
a plan for how the
government works

Northwest Ordinance
• Set up an orderly system to
bring in new states.

Shays’ Rebellion
Events:
1. Farmers rebel because of
taxes
2. Federal Government
cannot stop them
3. Congress realizes Articles
of Confederation sucks.

Convention of 1787
Philadelphia Convention
• Called to revise the Articles of Confederation
• Trashed the Articles of Confederation
• New Constitution was written.

-Wrote the
Virginia Plan
-Father of the
Constitution
James Madison
-Studied for a
whole year about history and politics

Virginia Plan
New Jersey
Plan
- 3 Branches
- # of Reps
based on
population
- 3 Branches
- Equal #of
reps for all
states
Two different plans for New
Constitution

Great Compromise: 1787
(Mixed the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan)
This is bi-cameral:
Two houses of Congress
Article 1
Article 2 Article 3

Makes Laws
Makes Taxes
CongressLegislative Branch:
Job:

Enforce Laws/Command Army
PresidentExecutive Branch:
Job:

Interpret (explain) the laws
All courtsJudicial Branch:
Job:
Highest Court: Supreme Court
Highest Judge: Chief Justice

Three-Fifths Compromise
• Settled how slaves would be counted
for taxation and representation
purposes.
• Every 5 slaves would be counted as 3
people in population

1787
2 Groups fought over
the ratification of the
Constitution
FederalistFederalist Anti-FederalistAnti-Federalist
• Liked the
Constitution as it
was written
• Believed in a
stronger Federal
government
• Against the
Constitution.
• Feared a loss of states
rights
• Wanted a Bill of Rights

Federalist Papers
Written by these guys to
convince anti-federalist
to ratify the Constitution
James Madison
Alexander
Hamilton
John Jay

Patrick Henry
-Gave speeches against
RATIFICATION
-Did not go to the
Constitutional Convention
because he “smelled a rat”
George
Mason
-Leader of the Anti-
Federalist
-Believed in restricting the
federal governments
power
-Wanted a Bill of Rights for
peoples protection
-Virginia Delegate
Anti-FederalistAnti-Federalist

Bill of Rights
• First 10 Amendments to the Constitution.
• Protects Unalienable rights.
1. Freedom of speech, press,
assembly, religion, petition
2. Right to bear arms
3. No quartering of soldiers
4. No search and seizure w/out
warrant
5. Right to due process / remain
silent
6. Right to a speedy trial
7. Right to a trial by jury
8. No cruel and unusual
punishment
9. You have more rights then
these
10. Rights not given to the
Federal government is given to
the states

7 principles of the
Constitution

1. Limited Government
• All authority
figures must
obey the law.

40. Republicanism
• People hold the power through
the election of representatives.
People Elect Representatives

41. Checks and Balances
• Prevents one branch of the
government from becoming too
powerful.
EXAMPLES:

42. Federalism
• The sharing of power between a
national government and states.

43. Separation of Powers
• Each branch of the government is
assigned specific powers.
L
Make
Laws
E
Carries
out
Laws
J
Court
System

44. Popular Sovereignty
• Political power rests with the
people.
• Exercised through voting.
Power ofPower of
the Peoplethe People

2/3 of
States-OR-
Ratified by
¾ States
Amendment Process
2/3 of
Congress

1789
George
Washington
-Sets Precedents
-Creates cabinet
-Neutrality
-Farewell Adress
First president-

Hamilton’s - 4 part Financial plan
Part 1: Pay off War Debt
Part 2: Whisky Tax
Part 3: Protective
Tariffs
Part 4: Create a
National Bank

48. Bank of the United States
• Bank chartered by the National government to
provide bank notes to be used as money and to
regulate state banks.
• A big fight between Jefferson and Hamilton

Whisky Rebellion
• Americans near Pennsylvania angered by
the tax on Whisky
• Stopped by the Federal Government
(Different then Shay’s Rebellion)

A Fight Started
V.S.
America says,
“Neutrality!
”

Washington’s Farewell Address
• Warned against political parties, foreign entanglements,
regional differences, and having a debt.
1. Alliances that will drag us to war
2. Political parties that will tear us a part
3. Sectionalism or Geographical differences
4. Getting into Debt

John Adams
-2nd
President
- XYZ Affair
- Sedition Acts

XYZ Affair
3. -American’s want
war
- Adam’s wants
peace
1. France stealing
US ship cargo
2. Adams sends reps to France
4. Adams signs treaty
5.Americans write bad
stuff about Adams

Alien and
Sedition
Acts
Adams has congress make a law
that makes it illegal to speak
against the government.
Against 1st
Amendment right.

Thomas Jefferson
-3rd
President
-Louisiana Purchase
-Louis and Clark
- Embargo act of 1807
-Believed in Neutrality

• Thomas Jefferson buys the Louisiana
Territory from France for $15 million.
• Doubled the size of the U.S.
Louisiana Purchase - 1803

British ships started to stop
American ships to look for
soldiers who ran away from
Britain.
They also started to
kidnap US sailors and
force them to fight with
them.
Impressments

Embargo
Act
To stop this from
happening Jefferson
made the....
This act said that ships
could not trade with
anybody from Europe.
This act did not work and
really hurt the Economy

Marbury v Madison
• Chief Justice John
Marshall-Supreme Court
case which est. Judicial
Review.
( Constitutionality of the
Law)
• Supreme Court can declare
a law unconstitutional.
M & M’s = Jolly Ranchers
Marbury vs. Madison = Judicial Review

James Madison
-4th
President
-War of 1812
1st to declare war

Causes of the War of 1812
1. Impressments
2. England encouraging
Indian attacks
3. England blocking trade
with France
4. Warhawks – Like Calhoun

U.S. win the War of 1812
This starts the Era of Good Feelings

James Monroe
-5th
President
-Monroe Doctrine
-Missouri Compromise

53. James Monroe
• His doctrine
stated
European
countries
were to stay
out of the
Western
Hemisphere.

Missouri Compromise (1820)
• Missouri- slave state. Maine free state.
• First sectional issue between the North and
South.
• More states mean more power in Congress.

Henry Clay
-Congressman
-Nicknamed
the “great
compromiser”
-Wrote the
Missouri

Westward Expansion
Industrial Revolution
Reforms
(1845-1861)

11. Free Enterprise
• Economic system where there
is competition between
businesses with little
governmental control.

56. Industrial Revolution
• Production of goods and products
in factories by machines.
• Led to more goods being produced
at lower prices.

57. Urbanization
• Major movement of people from
rural (Countryside) to cities
(urban).

58. Interchangeable Parts
• Eli Whitney.
• Parts are made exactly the same to make
it easier to replace parts and produce
faster.

59. Agricultural Inventions
• Cotton Gin- Eli
Whitney- Created a
demand for slaves.
• Steel Plow- John
Deere- Increased
agricultural
production.
• Mechanical Reaper-
Cyrus McCormick-
Increased grain
production.

59. Bessemer Steel Process
• A cheap way to
make a massive
amount of steel.
• Encouraged the
railroad and making
buildings out of
steel

60. Transportation
• Steamboat- Robert Fulton.
Decreased travel time on water.
• Canals- Man made waterways
found mainly in the Northeast.
Connected cities by water.
• Railroads- Fastest form of
transportation on land. Led to
growth of cities and westward
expansion.

62. Improvement in
Communication
• Telegraph- Samuel Morse.
Allowed people to communicate
over long distances.

63. Manifest Destiny
• Belief that the U.S. was destined to
run from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Oceans.

64. U.S.-Mexican War
• Occurred over the annexation
(addition) of Texas because of a
BOARDER DISPUTE (President Polk)
• After the U.S. victory they acquired
most of the present day American
Southwest (Mexican Cession).

President James K. Polk
- 11th
President
- Big believer of
Manifest
Destiny
- Promised to get
the Oregon
territory and
Annex Texas.

106
US Territorial Expansion
When?
From Where?
Why?
•1776
•Great Britain
•US declared
independence
from Great
Britain
I - 13 Original Colonies
1

107
When?
From Where?
Why?
•1783
•Great Britain
•Result of the
Treaty of
Paris
2
2 – Northwest Territory

108
When?
From Where?
Why?
•1803
•France
•Napoleon
needed $
•Jefferson
wanted land
for agriculture
3 - Louisiana Purchase
3

109
When?
From Where?
Why?
•1819
•Spain
•Andrew
Jackson
invaded it.
•Spain then
sold it to us
for $5 million
4 - Florida
4

110
When?
From Where?
Why?
•1845
•Republic of Texas
(Independent Country)
•Texas
independent from
Mexico in 1836
•Northerners
feared it would
become a slave
state
•Angered Mexico
5 – Texas Annexation
5

111
When?
From Where?
Why?
•1846
•Great Britain
•Claimed by
England and U.S
•Americans
demanded “54° 40’
or fight!”
•Britain
compromised 49°
& US accepted
6 - Oregon Territory
6

112
When?
From Where?
Why?
•1848
•Mexico
•Mexico is angry
over the Texas
Annexation AND
boarder dispute
•Caused Mexican-
American War!
•US wins
•Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo
awards the land to
U.S.
7 - Mexican Cession
7

113
When?
From Where?
Why?
•1853
•Mexico
•U.S. needed the
land to build a rail
road around the
Rocky Mountains
•Purchased from
Mexico.
8 – Gadsen Purchase
8

Age of Jackson
and Reform
Movements

65. Andrew Jackson
• He was the Common
man’s president
• Believed in a strong
national government.
• Hero of the Battle of
New Orleans.
• Changed the way
people Campaigned
(Parties, Speeches,
Mudslinging, BBQ’s,
Buttons)

Suffrage Requirements in the
Early 1800’s
Suffrage Requirements in the
Early 1800’s
Age of Jackson
and Reform
Movements
Vote=Own land Vote=Pay taxes

66. Democratic Party
• Revolved around the beliefs of
Jackson.
• Strong Federal Government.
• Supported by Southerners and slave
owners.

Spoils System:
• Jackson would
give government
jobs to people
who did not
deserve it if they
supported him.

67. Daniel Webster
• Represented the viewpoint of the
North.
• Believed in preserving the Union was
most important. Remember what George
Washington said about
what geographical
differences will do to our
country.

68. Henry Clay
• “Great Compromiser”.
• Worried how the spread of slavery
would affect Western Territories.
Lets make a
deal.

69. John C. Calhoun
• Represented the South.
• From South Carolina.
• Believed in slavery and states’ rights.
• Lead South Carolina in Nullification Crisis
Long live
slavery and
states’ rights!

70. Protective Tariff
• Tax on imports
meant to protect
U.S. industries.
• Made imports
more expensive
and encouraged
people to buy
products made
in the U.S.
• Good for = North
• Bad for = South

71. States’ Rights
• Belief that
states don’t
have to
follow
Federal law if
that state
feels that law
violates the
Constitution.

72. Nullification Crisis
• Occurred when South
Carolina refused to
enforce the Protective
Tariff of 1828.
• President Jackson
threatened to enforce the
tariff with military
• South Carolina
threatened to secede
from the Union.

73. Indian Removal Act of 1830
• All Indians East
of the Mississippi
would be moved
to Indian Territory
(Oklahoma)
• The Indian’s land
was wanted for
farming.
• Andrew Jackson ignored the Supreme Court
decision of “Cherokee Nation VS. Georgia” –
Supreme Court said no to moving them

74. Trail of Tears
• The Cherokee Indians were forced to
march to Indian Territory.
• One fourth of them died on the trip
because Jackson ignored Supreme Court

Jackson’s War on the Bank
• Jackson did not
renew the Charter
(License) to the
bank
• Jackson took out
all of the Federal
Government $ and
put it in State
banks

75. Reform Movements
• Women’s Rights-
Led by Elizabeth
Cady Stanton. The
“Declaration of
Sentiments” from
the Seneca Falls,
NY (NEW YORK)
Convention called
for equal rights for
women.
Stanton Susan Anthony

75 Reform Movements
• Public
(Common)
School- Led by
Horace Mann.
Called for
education for
all students
regardless of
background.

• Temperance-
Against the
abuse of alcohol.
Believed it
caused problems
like family
violence and
poverty.

• Abolitionist-
Wanted to do
away with
slavery. Found
in the North.

• Mental Illness and
Prison Reform-
Dorothea Dix.
Wanted to
improved
conditions for the
mentally ill and
better treatment
of prisoners.

55. Sectionalism
• When one part of the country
looks out for its own interests.

76. Frederick Douglass
• Former slave who
spoke against
slavery and for
human rights.
• Abolitionist who
started anti-
slavery paper
“the North Star”

77. Compromise of 1850
• California admitted as a free state.
• Strengthened Fugitive Slave Law.
• Compromise by Henry Clay –
North
California
admitted
as a free
state
South
Fugitive
Slave Law

78. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Written by Harriet
Beecher Stowe.
• Antislavery novel
which caused many
Northerners to
oppose slavery.
• Gave proof to terrible
treatment of slaves in
the South

79. Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Allowed Popular Sovereignty to
determine Slave state or Free state
• Led to violence = Bleeding Kansas

80. Dred Scott v Sanford
• Supreme Court case which stated
slaves were not citizens and that they
were property

81. Election of 1860
• Abraham Lincoln elected president.
• Caused Southern states to secede from
the Union.

Lincoln’s Inaugural Addresses
• First Inaugural
Address- North would
leave slavery alone but
would act to preserve
the Union.
• Second Inaugural
Address- Did not want
to treat the South
poorly after the Civil
War. The war was now
about abolishing
slavery

1861-1865
Years of the Civil War.

Confederate States of America
• Formed by former Southern states.

Jefferson Davis
• President of the
Confederate
States.

Ulysses S. Grant
• Commander of
Union (North)
forces during
the Civil War.

Robert E. Lee
Commander
of the
Confederate
(South) forces
during the Civil
War.

88. Fort Sumter
• Opening battle of the Civil War.

Battle of Antietam
Lincoln Claims victory for Union and
gives Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln
proclaims all
the slaves in
the Rebelling
(Confederate)
states FREE!

89. Battle of Gettysburg
• Northern victory which was the
turning point of the war in the East.
• Southern troops withdrew.

90. Gettysburg Address
• Motivational Speech by Lincoln which
reaffirmed the North’s commitment to
winning the war.

91. Battle of Vicksburg
• Northern victory
• North controlled the Mississippi River.

93. Appomattox Court House
• Civil War ended with a Union victory
when Lee surrendered to Grant.

94. Reconstruction Amendments
• 13th
- Ended slavery
and made it illegal.
• 14th
- Defined
citizenship and
gave equal protect
under the law.
• 15th
- Granted Black
men the right to
vote.

Lincoln Shot – 1865Lincoln Shot – 1865
by John Wilkes Boothby John Wilkes Booth

95. Andrew Johnson
• Became
President after
Lincoln’s
assassination.
Wanted to treat
the South
kindly.

Black Codes/Slave Codes
• Passed by Southern
states to limit the
civil rights and
freedom of the
freedmen.
To all Freedmen:
Any Freedman
found without a
job will be fined
and possibly
jailed!
• Freedmen = was the
name for any person
freed from slavery

Jim Crow Laws
• Laws that
segregated or
separated whites
and African
Americans
(Freedmen)

Reconstruction Act of 1867
Union forces stayed in the South to
make sure Slavery was ABOLISHED

97. Freedman’s Bureau
• Created to help
freedmen
adjust and to
set up schools
to educate
them. They
were given
food, clothing
and medical
care.

98. Homestead Act
• Allowed any
citizen to own 160
acres of land if
they lived on it for
5 years and
improved it.
Contributed to
people moving
westward.

99. Morrill Act
• Gave each state
30,000 acres of
federal land
times the
number of its
members of
Congress.
States could
sell land to fund
public colleges.
Colleges Established Under
the Morrill Act
•Iowa State
•Kansas State
•Michigan State
•Rutgers University
•Penn State University
•University of Vermont
•University of Minnesota
•University of Missouri
•University of Wisconsin

100. Dawes Act
• Broke up Indian
tribes and
promoted the
assimilation of
Native Americans
into American
society. Caused
Indians to lose
most of their
lands.

Marbury v Madison
• John Marshall-Supreme
Court case which est.
Judicial Review.
( Constitutionality of the
Law)
• Supreme Court can declare
a law unconstitutional.

Native American Treatment
• Cherokee V. Georgia-
Supreme Court favors
Cherokee and says they
do not have to move.
Pres. Jackson ignores =
Trail of Tears
• Worcester V. Georgia-
Supreme Court decided
that Georgia could not
make any laws on Indian
land because they were
like their own country

61. Commerce
• McCulloch v. Maryland-
Supreme Court case
which stated Congress
had the power to carry
out its power stated in
the Constitution.
• Gibbons v. Ogden-
Supreme Court case
which stated Congress
could regulate interstate
(State to State)
commerce.
Maryland,
you can’t
tax the
Bank of the
U.S.

Benjamin Franklin
Samuel Adams
King George III
Thomas Jefferson
Ambassador to
France
Sons of Liberty
Ruler of Great
Britain
Declaration of
Independence
Important People
(Revolution)

Thomas Paine
George Washington
Abigail Adams
John Adams
Wrote
“Common
Sense”
Continental
Army
“Remember the
Ladies!”
Argued for
independence
Important People
(Revolution)

Wentworth Cheswell
Mercy Otis Warren
James Armistead
Midnight rider to
warn colonists/ Battle
of Saratoga
Propagandist for the
Patriots
Spy for Lafayette
Important People
(Revolution)

Bernardo de Galvez
Crispus Attucks
Haym Solomon
Led Spanish armies
against the British
Fist killed in the
Boston Massacre
Jewish financier of
the American
Revolution
Important People
(Revolution)

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