International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules vol 2 issue 1

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Metabolome
! Metabolomics
! Molecular medicine
! Plant biochemistry
! Proteolysis
! Biological macro and small molecule
! Biochemical processes
! Molecular-scale
! Fermentation, biochemical and bioreactor engineering
! Proteomics, functional genomics, metabolomics
! Chiral compounds production
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Dr.Ashok Kumar Kulkarni
Department of Physiology, MediCiti Institute of
Medical Sciences, Medchal. Secunderabad (A.
P), India
Dr. Promila Sharma
Department of Biotechnology,
Graphic Era University,
Uttarakhand, India
Dr. Brijesh Pandey
Amity University,
Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
Dr. P Mary Anupama
Department of Biotechnology, ANITS,
Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam (A.P.), India
Dr. S. Seethalaksmi
Vivekanandha College of Arts & Sciences for
women, Periyar University, Elayampalayam,
Tiruchengod
Dr. Biswajit Majumdar
Calcutta University, Institute of Post Graduate
Medical Education and Research [IPGMER]
/University College of Medicine [UCM]
Dr. Agnishwar Girigoswami
Medical Bio-nanotechnology, Faculty of Allied
Health Sciences Chettinad Academy of Research
& Education Kelambakkam, Chennai, India
Dr.Arun Kumar
Department of Biochemistry,
Manipal College of Medical Sciences,
Nepal
Dr. Durgadas Govind Naik,
Management and Science University,
Malaysia
Ashish Runthala
Department of Biological Sciences, Birla
Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, Pilani
(Rajasthan), India
Dr. Indraneel Ghosh
Manager Systems Biology Department Sun
Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre
Limited, Vadodara (Gujarat), India
Dr. Yousef Rasmi
Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
(UMSU) Urmia, Iran
Ajay Kumar
Galgotias University, Greater Noida (U.P.),
India
Dr. Arvind Diwan
Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health
Sciences, Maharashtra, India
Dr. Ir. Sreenivas Reddy Bathula
Department of Biotechnology, Bapuji Institute of
Engineering & Technology, Karnataka,
India
Dr. Dinesh Kumar
Horticulture (Post harvest Technology)
National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur
(Maharahtra), India
Dr. Ir. Sreenivas Reddy Bathula
Department of Biotechnology, Bapuji Institute of
Engineering & Technology, Karnataka,
India
Dr. Lonchin Suguna
Department of Biochemistry Central Leather
Research Institute Adyar, Chennai,
India
Dr. S Chidananda Sharma
Department of Microbiology and
Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Karnataka,
India
Prof. Dheera Sanadhya
Jaipur National University,
Rajasthan,
India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Rajat Banerjee
Department of Biotechnology, University of
Calcutta, India
Dr. B. C. Guha
Centre for Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, India
Jay Prakash Sah
Pokhara University, Nepal
Dr. K.S. Karthikeyan
Endocrinology and Metabolism Division,
National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council
of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
Dr. Saher Mahmood Aljamali
Biology Department,
Kufa University, Iraq
Dr. M. Anusuyadevi Jayachandran
Molecular Gerontology Laboratory,
Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan
University, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Devarakonda Srinivasa Rao
Department of Biotechnology Acharya
Nagarjuna University, Guntur (DT),
India
Dr. Shashi Bhushan
Food and Nutraceutical Lab, Division of
Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan
Bioresource Technology, India
Dr. Shikha Suman
Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh),
India
Dr. Vishwanath B Chachadi
Deptartment of Biochemsitry,
Karnatak University, Dharwad,
India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
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biochemistry,Proteolysis,Biologicalmacro and small molecule,Biochemicalprocesses etc.
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PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. A Review on Bisphenol A
M. Vangalapati, S. Monica Nissy, B. Surendra 1
2. Short Review Article: Role of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) in
Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato)
Ankita singh 5
3. Antifreeze Proteins
Manish Agrawal 8
4. Metabolome
Chetan Shah, Suraj Sharma 12
5. Biosorption: Review
Ketan Mehndiratta 15
Contents

IJBB (2016) 1–4 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Review on Bisphenol A
M. Vangalapati*, S. Monica Nissy, B. Surendra
Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, AUCE (A), Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important epoxy resin which is employed to make certain plastics. It
is an organic synthetic compound and the chemical formula is (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2. It is a
commonly utilized industrial chemical that has been used since 1960s to make certain
plastics and resins. BPA is found in almost all polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins.
These polycarbonate plastics are generally used in containers that store food and beverages,
such as water bottles. The presence of BPA is really toxic to the human body and aquatic life.
BPA is biodegradable to some extent in order to reduce the toxicity levels.
Keywords: bisphenol A, cancer, endocrine disrupter, plastics, polycarbonate, thyroid
INTRODUCTION
The texture is a colorless solid which is
generally dissolved in solvents like
ethanol, methanol and rarely soluble in
water. Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in
various consumer goods such as sports
bottles, CD’s, DVD’s, children toys and
gallon water cans,[1]
etc. In the recent days,
research is being conducted that BPA from
thermal paper which is used in cash
register receipts accounts for high levels of
BPA in humans.[2]
It shows that a rapid
increase of BPA in their blood after using
a skin care product and then touching a
store receipt with BPA. It is known to be
an endocrine disrupting chemical, and has
been demonstrated to alter signaling
mechanisms involving oestrogen and other
hormones.[3]
Massive amounts of BPA
were observed on the store and fast food
receipts, airline tickets, ATM receipts and
other thermal papers all use on the surface
of the paper as a print developer. Huge
amounts of BPA can be transferred onto
the hands and then to the food, it can also
as be absorbed through the skin which is
really toxic. BPA exhibits properties that
can cause reproductive defects in fetuses,
infant, children, and adults. It is also
known to cause cancer, metabolic and
immune problem in rodents. BPA present
on thermal papers can be easily absorbed
into the blood, at such levels thereby
leading to an increase in many diseases,
such as diabetes and disorders related to
obesity. Use of BPA or other similar
chemicals that are being used to replace
BPA in thermal paper is again a threat to
human health. "BPA will be seeped into
the food or beverages from the containers
which are made with BPA. Major concern
is exposure to BPA where there will be
possible health effects on the brain,
reproductive system, behavior and prostate
gland of fetuses, infants and children.
Along with these there were few additional
researches which are suggesting a feasible
link between BPA and increase in blood
pressure. BPA exposure may disrupt
normal breast development in ways that
predispose women for later life breast
cancer. However, the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) has peeped into the
issue and confirmed that at very low levels

IJBB (2016) 5-7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 5
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Short Review Article: Role of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase
(PAL) in Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato)
Ankita singh*
Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, U.P., India
Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) is an important fruit crop in America, Southern Europe,
the Middle East, and India, with increasing production in China, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
It is grown throughout the country. Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) is a chief enzyme
used during plant metabolism for the biosynthesis of different natural products from L-
phenylalanine. It also has a role in pathogenic defense.
Keywords: Lycopersicum esculentum, Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase, plant metabolism
INTRODUCTION
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a
key enzyme in the phenylpropanoid
pathway. PAL catalyses the conversion of
L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid.[1]
The products of PAL are modified,
through phenylpropanoid metabolism, to
precursors of secondary metabolites,
including lignin, flavonoid pigments, and
phytoalexins, all of which play key roles in
a range of plant-pathogen interactions.[2]
PAL is a key enzyme leading to synthesis
of phenols and SA involved in pathogen
defense, stress response and secondary
metabolism and is subject to post-
translational phosphorylation.[3]
PAL activity in host tissues is induced
following pathogen infection of plant
tissues and by several biotic and abiotic
elicitor treatments.[4]
PAL activity are
often considered as indicators of resistance
as it accumulates more rapidly and reaches
higher levels within host plant during
resistance responses (incompatible
interactions) than in susceptible responses
(compatible interactions).[5]
Several studies indicated that the
activation of PAL and subsequent increase
in phenolic content in plants is a general
response associated with disease
resistance.[6,7]
Increased activities of PAL,
by neem products have also been
demonstrated earlier.[8]
The increased
activities of PAL were observed in
resistant cultivars than the susceptible
cultivars. Various studies have recorded
the time course changes of enzyme
activities of PAL in young rice inoculated
with the blast fungus Pyricularia grisea
(Cooke) Sacc. for a five day period after
inoculation. Kale and Choudhary (2001)
observed that in groundnut, resistant
interaction was concurrent with early and
rapid expression of PAL. Gupta and
Kaushik (2002) reported enhanced specific
activities of PAL in infected leaves of
mustard as compared to healthy leaves.
Chakrabarty et al. (2002) concluded that
induced rather than constitutive levels of
PAL played crucial role in governing
resistance in cotton genotypes. Sharma
(2003) reported high activity of PAL and
TAL in resistant healthy (uninoculated)
apple rootstock (MM115), but minimum
activities were recorded from highly

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Antifreeze Proteins
Manish Agrawal*
Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Ice is a major issue for life forms that live in chilly atmospheres. Once the temperature
plunges beneath solidifying, ice crystals consistently develop and burst cells. This threat,
nonetheless, has not constrained the spread of life on Earth. Life forms of numerous kinds -
plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms - have created different ways to battle the
destructive development of ice crystals. At times, they pack their cells with antifreeze
compounds like sugars or glycerol. Be that as it may, in situations where additional
assistance is required, cells make specific antifreeze proteins to protect themselves as the
temperature drops.
Keywords: antifreeze proteins, subzero environment
INTRODUCTION
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice
structuring proteins (ISPs) allude to a class
of polypeptides created by specific
vertebrates, plants, parasites and microbes
that allow their survival in below zero
situations. AFPs bind to little ice crystals
to hinder development and
recrystallization of ice that would
somehow be fatal.[1]
There is additionally
expanding proof that AFPs interact with
mammalian cell membanes to shield them
from cold damage. This work suggests the
involvement of AFPs in cold
acclimatization.[2]
AFPs can be defined as proteins that have
an affinity for ice. In a circumstance where
an ice front is in equilibrium with a fluid
arrangement, a slight undercooling of the
arrangement underneath the balance the
point of solidification will prompt water
particles joining the ice cross section.
Accordingly, the ice front will progress.[3]
Most solutes, including by far most of
proteins (e.g. bovine serum albumin and
myoglobin) will be avoided and pushed in
front of the extending ice front. AFPs are
distinctive in that they adsorb to the ice.
Thus, they limit the development of the ice
front to points between the adsorbed
protein particles. These districts develop
with a local curvature and flow that makes
it thermodynamically unfavorable for
water particles to add to the ice cross
section.[4]
This outcomes in non-colligative,
non-balance bringing down the point of
solidification. In the presence of AFPs, ice
crystals continue to remain the same size
for a considerable length of time or days at
temperatures between the colligative
freezing point (melting point) and the
lower non-equilibrium freezing point. The
contrast between these two temperatures is
alluded to as thermal hysteresis and is a
component of the AFP focus.[2,5]

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Metabolome
Chetan Shah*, Suraj Sharma
Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Telegana, India
Abstract
Metabolome is defined as a complete collection of small molecule chemicals found inside a
biological sample. The biological specimen can be a cell, a cell organelle, an organ, a tissue,
a tissue concentrate, a biofluid or a whole life form. Metabolomics is the exploratory
investigation of chemical processes including metabolites. In particular, metabolomics is the
"precise investigation of the unique chemical fingerprints that particular cell forms have",
the investigation of their small molecule metabolite profiles.
Keywords: metabolome, metabolomics, chemical processes
INTRODUCTION
The metabolome refers to a collection of
all metabolites in a biological cell, tissue,
organ or living being, which are the final
results of cell processes.[1]
mRNA gene
expression information and proteomic
analyses uncovers the array of gene
products being created in the cell, that
denotes different aspects of cell function.
On the other hand, metabolic profiling can
give a quick depiction of the physiology of
that cell. One of the difficulties of systems
biology and functional genomics is to
incorporate proteomic, transcriptomic, and
metabolomic data to give a superior
understanding of cell science.[2]
The small molecule chemicals found in a
given metabolome may incorporate both
endogenous metabolites that are actually
created by a living being, (for example,
amino acids, natural acids, nucleic acids,
unsaturated fats, amines, sugars, vitamins,
co-elements, colors, anti-infection agents,
and so forth.) and additionally
exogenous[3]
chemicals, (for example,
drugs, ecological contaminants,
nourishment added substances, poisons
and different xenobiotics) that are not
normally delivered by a living being.
That is, there is both an endogenous
metabolome and an exogenous
metabolome. The endogenous metabolome
can be further subdivided to incorporate a
"primary" and a "secondary"
metabolome.[4]
A primary metabolite is specifically
required in the typical development,
advancement, and generation. A secondary
metabolite is not specifically included in
those procedures, but rather as a rule has
essential natural capacity. Secondary
metabolites may incorporate pigments,
anti-infection agents or waste items got
from partially metabolized xenobiotics. To
qualify as a metabolite, or to be thought to
be a piece of the metabolome, a little atom
should ordinarily have a sub-atomic
weight <1500 Da.[5]

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Biosorption: Review
Ketan Mehndiratta*
Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
The discharge of heavy metals into oceanic biological communities has turned into a matter
of worry in India in the course of the most recent couple of decades. These poisons are
brought into the oceanic frameworks essentially as an aftereffect of different modern
operations. Industrialization in India picked up a force with start of five year formative
arrangement in the mid 50's. The toxins of concern incorporate lead, chromium, mercury,
uranium, selenium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, gold, silver, copper and nickel. These dangerous
materials might be gotten from mining operations, refining minerals, muck transfer, fly ash
from incinerators, the preparing of radioactive materials, metal plating, or the production of
electrical hardware, paints, composites, batteries, pesticides or additives. Substantial metals,
for example, zinc, lead and chromium have various applications in essential building works,
paper and basic commercial enterprises, pulp industries, organochemicals, petrochemicals
fertlisers, and so on. Significant lead contamination is through autos and battery makers. For
zinc and chromium the real application is in fertliser and cowhide tanning separately. Over
the couple of decades, a few strategies have been contrived for the treatment and expulsion of
substantial metals.
Keywords: biosorption, heavy metals
INTRODUCTION
Release of a lot of metal-contaminated
wastewater, commercial enterprises
bearing heavy metals, for example, Cd, Cr,
Cu, Ni, As, Pb, and Zn, are the most
perilous among the synthetic concentrated
businesses. On account of their high
dissolvability in the oceanic situations,
heavy metals can be consumed by living
life forms. When they enter the food chain,
expansive groupings of heavy metals may
aggregate in the human body. On the off
chance that the metals are ingested past the
allowed focus, they can bring about
genuine wellbeing issue.[1]
There are different procedures for treating
industrial wastewater containing heavy
metals frequently include advancements
for lessening of danger keeping in mind
the end goal to meet innovation based
treatment guidelines.
The regularly utilized systems for
expelling metal ions from watery streams
incorporate synthetic precipitation, lime
coagulation, ion exchange, reverse
osmosis and solvent extraction.[2-4]
Reverse Osmosis: It is a procedure in
which heavy metals are isolated by a semi-
penetrable layer at a pressure more
increased than osmotic pressure created by
the disintegrated solids in wastewater. The
impediment of this technique is that it is
costly.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules vol 2 issue 1

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International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules vol 2 issue 1