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 Advanced fiber placement
 Tailored fiber placement
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 Tufting
 Z-pinning
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 Epoxy granite
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GITAM University Visakhapatnam
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Roorkee, India
Balaji Panchapakesan
Worcester Polytechnic Institute Higgins
Laboratory United States
Dr Mohanan PV
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Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and
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Department of physics Banaras Hindu University
Varanasi, U.P, India
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University of Minho, Campus de Azurem,
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Group, Indian Jute Industries' Research
Association (IJIRA), Kolkata, India
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IPIRTI, Field Station Kolkata
Kolkata, West Bengal,
India
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and Engineering, CSIR-National Physical
Laboratory, New Delhi, India
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Technology, Bhubaneswar,
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Dr. Lixin Xue
Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and
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Bharath K N
GM Institute of Technology,
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Dr. Shyam Khambholja
B.&B. Institute of Technology (affiliated to
GTU) India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials. This journal is
part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Composite and
Constituent Materials issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies
and thevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Composite and Constituent
Materials as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific
and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the analytical chemistry Science community,
addressing researchersand practitionersinthisarea.
The core vision of International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials in Journals Pub is to
propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and
professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in analytical chemistry in
general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at
excellently,well-time&successfully.
International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials focuses on original high-quality research in
the realm ofAdvanced fiber placement, Tailored fiber placement, Fiberglass spray lay-up process, Filament
winding, Lanxide process, Tufting, Z-pinning, Chemical vapour infiltration, Epoxy granite, Nano-
composites,Hybrid material,Compositelaminates,Constituentmaterialsofconcrete
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Composite
and ConstituentMaterialsand solutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the analytical chemistry
community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an
innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new
developmentsinthefieldofanalyticalchemistry.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for analytical chemistry readers
and willstimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofanalyticalchemistry.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Thermal Material Used in Aerospace for Protection
Prikshit Sharma 1
2. Technical Yarns From Newly Developed Indigenously Fabricated Folding Unit
S.S. Bhattacharya, A. Mandot, S.K. Bijotkar 3
3. Multiscale Modeling of Elastic Properties Based on Micromechanics
Prateek Manchanda 8
4. Hybrid Polylactide Acid Composites Reinforced With Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
Shubhi Aggarwal 11
5. Effect of Environment on Composite Structures
Shailendra Singh 15
Contents

IJCCM (2016) 1–2 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Composite and Constituents Materials
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Thermal Material Used in Aerospace for Protection
Prikshit Sharma*
Physics Department, Jaypee University, Noida, India
ABSTRACT
Ablative nanocomposites were set up by fusing multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) into
phenolic gum and after that impregnating them into rayon-based carbon texture. MWCNT
were mixed into phenolic gum at 0.5, 1, and 2 wt% loadings utilizing a mix of sonication and
high shear blending to guarantee uniform scattering of MWCNT. The composite test
examples were tried by utilizing an oxyacetylene test bed (OTB) applying a warmth flux of
1000 W/cm2
for length of 45 seconds. Composite examples with 2 wt% MWCNT indicated
diminishment in mass misfortune, subsidence long, and in situ temperatures contrasted with
control composites.
Keywords: aerospace, constituent, MWNC/t
INTRODUCTION
Removal is a procedure of material
expulsion from a surface or other erosive
process and normally connected with
materials for space reentry vehicles and
rocket spouts. The ablative materials are
utilized as warm insurance materials for
rocket spouts, space vehicles, and burning
assemblies of rocket engines. These
materials ought to withstand high
temperatures in the request of a large
number of degrees Celsius, high push, and
high effect. The last material ought to
have the capacity to frame complex shapes
and be as light as could reasonably be
expected. Right now the primary shoppers
of ablative materials are military, NASA,
and business space propelling
organization.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This was a community look into with
Cytec Engineered Materials (CEM).
Carbon fiber fortified nanocomposites
were fabricated utilizing procedures and
materials like those utilized by CEM for
current SOTA ablative material, MX-
4926. As indicated by CEM depiction,
MX-4926 MC (shaping compound) is
rayon forerunner based carbon texture
impregnated with MIL-R-9299 phenolic
pitch and carbon dark as filler.
CONCLUSION
Ablative boards were effectively made
with phenolic sap, rayon antecedent based
carbon texture, and MWCNT utilizing
comparable strategy as that of Cytec
Engineered Materials' MX-4926 MC
(shaping compound) ablative boards. The
blend of sonication and high shear
blending was utilized for uniform
scattering and division of individual
MWCNT. Ablative test examples were
tried at a warmth flux of 1000W/cm2
utilizing the oxyacetylene test bed for 45
seconds. The test examples were looked at
on the premise of rate mass misfortune,
subsidence, and crest in-situ temperatures
at profundities of 10 mm and 5 mm from
fire front. The rate mass misfortune for
control test example was 26%, while it
was 23% for nanocomposite examples
containing 2 wt% MWCNT. Normal

International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials
Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Technical Yarns From Newly Developed Indigenously Fabricated
Folding Unit
S.S. Bhattacharya, A. Mandot*, S.K. Bijotkar
Department of Textile Engineering,The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
ABSTRACT
A small machine was developed indigenously with a new concept for the manufacturing of
different kinds of technical yarn. This prototype machine is only for the production of coarser
counts and it gives the core-sheath yarn structure. The yarn obtained from this machine can
be comparable with yarn produced on DREF spinning. Any type of core material, like cut
selvedge produced from modern looms, metallic wires, and the filament yarns either mono or
multi and roving of any staple materials can be used on this machine. In this system, the
folding operation and the winding operation are completely separated with each other and
do not depend on any of them. The main aim of the work is to fabricate the machine and to
understand the machine parameters for the production of different technical yarns. In the
present work, an attempt was made to introduce the copper wire of 0.18 mm diameter in the
folded yarn structure as a core material; whereas the sheath material was taken as twisted
polyester threads. The different samples of yarns were produced by varying the twist per unit
length and their mechanical and physical properties were analysed.
Keywords: copper wire, core–sheath structure, fabrication, folding, prototype
INTRODUCTION
Technical yarn is a textile product
manufactured for nonaesthetic purposes,
like, medical, sports, transportation,
construction, agriculture and many other
industrial and nonindustrial purposes.
Now-a-days, textiles are emerged in
electronic field and the product is known
as Interactive electronic textiles (IET).
Conductive fibres and yarns have drawn
considerable amount of attention during
the last decade. Today, there are a number
of commercial fibres and yarns that
include metallic fibres and filament mixed
with textile materials to form conducting
textile materials, which can be woven or
sewn. The textile materials made from
organic polymers are perfect insulators.
Due to weak electrical conductivity, the
electrical load is accumulated on the
surface of the organic polymers. To
prevent the accumulation of electrical
load, the textile materials are turned into
electrically conductor by using different
methods. There are different ways to
produce the conductive yarns; some of
them are listed here:
(a) Adding carbon or metals in different
forms, such as, wires, fibres or
particles (nano)
(b) Using inherently conductive polymers
(c) Coating with conductive substance
The produced material can be used for
smart Clothing, transportation of electric
signals, protection from electromagnetic
interference and electrostatic discharges.
Considering the advantages of conductive
textiles the following objects were thought
of:
(a)

Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Multiscale Modeling of Elastic Properties Based on
Micromechanics
Prateek Manchanda*
College of Chemistry, Kumouni University, India
ABSTRACT
This paper addresses multiscale firmness homogenization procedure to separate macroscale
versatile mechanical properties of four sorts of manageable cements from their nanoscale
mechanical properties. Nine distinctive practical solid blends were considered. A model in
light of micromechanics was utilized to homogenize the versatile properties. The solidified
bond glues were homogenized by three systematic strategies in view of Self-Consistent and
Mori-Tanaka plans. The proposed multiscale strategy consolidates progressed trial and
scientific strategies efficiently so that the data sources are nanoscale stages properties
separated from measurable nano indentation system and mechanical properties of blend
fixing. Anticipated flexible properties were reliable with customary test comes about.
Connecting homogenized mechanical properties of economical cement to volume extents
through a diagnostic approach gives a basic initial move towards objective enhancement of
these materials.
Keywords: cement, micromechanics, nanosensors
INTRODUCTION
Cement is a complex heterogeneous
material whose mechanical properties can
shift considerably from indicate point.
Anticipating the mechanical conduct of
such materials dependably has been a test
going up against researchers.
Notwithstanding, advance in both
experimentation and continuum
micromechanics has given the obliged
establishments to the improvement of
multiscale models for complex
heterogeneous materials, for example,
concrete. These upscaling plans act as
approaches to trade data about mechanical
properties between various sizes of a
model. Moreover, execution situated
streamlining of the homogenized
properties gets to be distinctly conceivable
by considering alterations to the material
science, synthesis, forms, and their related
effects on microstructure.
BACKGROUND
Concrete containing fly ash and blast
furnace slag, kenaf fiber reinforced
concrete (KFRC), and lightweight
aggregate concrete (LWAC) can be
categorized as sustainable concrete, by
achieving concrete with high strength
while reducing cement consumption.
Plant-based natural fibers, such as kenaf
bast fibers, can be used in concrete to
obtain a new lighter weight and yet
tougher concrete while maintaining
desirable material properties will directly
enhance the merits of precast concrete [1].
CO2 sequestration is another positive
impact of kenaf. One acre of kenaf
captures as much CO2 as three acres of
rain forest, and much of the captured
CO2can be permanently trapped inside
structures used in construction [2].
Additionally, the lighter weight and better
performance will reduce the energy

Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Hybrid Polylactide Acid Composites Reinforced With Palm
Empty Fruit Bunch
Shubhi Aggarwal*
Chemisrty Department, Gautam Buddha University, Noida, India
ABSTRACT
Hybrid polylactide Acid (PLA) composites strengthened with palm purge natural product
bundle (EFB) and slashed strand E-glass (GLS) filaments were researched. The hybrid
filaments PLA composite was set up through arrangement throwing took after by
pelletisation and resulting hot pressure press into 1 mm thick example. Chloroform and
dichloromethane were utilized as dissolvable and their viability in dissolving PLA was
accounted for. The general fibre stacking was kept consistent at volume part, as of 20%
while the proportion of EFB to GLS fibre was fluctuated between of 0 : 20 to 20 : 0. The
corporation of GLS filaments enhanced the malleable and flexural execution of the mixture
composites, however expanding the glass fibre length from 3 to 6 mm negatively affects the
mechanical properties of the half and half composites. Additionally, the composites that were
readied utilizing chloroform demonstrated better elastic and flexural properties contrasted
than those arranged and dichloromethane.
Keywords: fibre, fruit branch, polyactide acid
INTRODUCTION
Fibre reinforced composites based on
carbon, glass, and Kevlar have been
widely used in the aviation, automotive,
marine, sport, and defence industries,
attributed to their high strength to weight
ratio, easy formability, and high tensile
and fracture resistance. However,
synthetic fibres are generally
manufactured through energy intensive
processes that produce toxic by-products
while their reinforced composites are
difficult to recycle and resistant to
biodegradation [1]. Increasing
governmental pressure as well as
consumer and industrial awareness on the
long-term effect of environmental
pollution due to noncompostable
polymeric products has led numerous
researchers around the world to have
gained interest to develop greener
composites by either eliminating or
minimising the usage of nondegradable
synthetic polymeric resin and fibres.
Biodegradable polymeric resins generally
can be categorised into two groups
depending on their origin, natural
biopolymers (polymer derived from
natural resources such as starch, cellulose,
gelatine, casein, wheat gluten, silk, wool,
plant oils, and polylactic acid), and
synthetic biopolymers (mineral based
biopolymer synthesised from crude oil
with example including aliphatic
polycaprolactone, aromatic polybutylene
succinate terephthalate, and polyvinyl
alcohols) Amongst the many natural-
origin biodegradable polymers, polylactic
acid (PLA), a corn-based biodegradable
polyester obtained from fermentation of
sugar feedstock, is gaining its popularity
in the scientific community [2–4] and was

Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Effect of Environment on Composite Structures
Shailendra Singh*
CSIR, Hyderabad, India
ABSTRACT
Material conduct of basic parts is critical to get it. In fiber fortified polymer composite
materials, this is more troublesome in contrast with isotropic materials as they are
comprised of two constituents: the fiber and the network. For aviation composite materials,
the network is normally an epoxy pitch that cures at a high temperature. This curing
administration is known to acquaint leftover worries with the composite material as it cools
from the high cure temperature. In any case, how to consider these lingering worries in a
basic investigation is still generally talked about. In this paper, the creators researched the
balance of warm leftover strains presented by the cure administration by the swelling of the
composite when presented to dampness.
Keywords: materials, temperature
INTRODUCTION
The utilization of composites in aviation
segments has begun to surge. This is
because of their high quality to weight
proportion and the capacity to effortlessly
produce segments. Regardless of this,
composites are still generally new
contrasted with the metallic materials. The
conduct of composites has for the most
part not yet been altogether seen over the
life expectancy of segments which they
frame. Keeping in mind the end goal to
foresee a life expectancy for composite
segments, it is vital to precisely portray
their material conduct.
Different disappointment criteria have
been proposed to foresee disappointment
in composites [1]. A considerable measure
of them is set up at the lamina level. Some
as of late created criteria are appropriate at
the fiber and network level, for example,
multicontinuum hypothesis and onset
hypothesis [2–5].
Composites are comprised of two
principle constituents: the fiber and the
lattice. Both constituents act distinctively
all alone. In any case, through a curing
procedure, the two constituents are
attached to shape a material that has great
attributes in its diverse material plane
headings. Hypotheses, for example,
Classical Laminate Theory help with
building up these material properties. In
spite of the fact that these speculations
incredibly help with rearranging the
general material conduct from an auxiliary
level, they are administered by
presumptions. The biggest of which is the
treatment of the "composite material" as
"another homogeneous material" when it
is still a "composite of material" [6–10].
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
In a perfect circumstance, a composite
would be displayed with every strand of
fiber encompassed by a polymeric grid.
This would permit the anxiety conditions
of the fiber, lattice, and interface to be
removed independently. Notwithstanding,

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