Psychoanalytic theory was formulated by Sigmund Freud, an Austrian Neurologist. He was the first to identify development by stages. He considered the first 5 years of a child’s life to be the most important, because he believed that an individual’s basic character had been formed by the age of 5.

1. JUHIN. J
1st Year Msc Nursing
OF
SIGMUND FREUD

3. Objectives

4. Introduction
Psychoanalytic theory was
formulated by Sigmund Freud, an
Austrian Neurologist. He was the
first to identify development by
stages. He considered the first 5
years of a child’s life to be the most
important, because he believed that
an individual’s basic character had
been formed by the age of 5.

5. BORN IN MORAVIAN TOWN, AUSTRIA
May 6, 1856
QUALIFIED AS DOCTOR OF MEDICINE AT
UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA
1881
ESTABLISHMENT OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
1890
HE RELEASED “INTERPRETATION OF
DREAMS”
1899
FREUD PASSED AWAY IN UNITED KINGDOM
September 23, 1939
HISTORY Sigmund Freud
Father of Psychoanalysis

7. ID
STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
SUPER EGO
EGO

8. ● The Id is ruled by “pleasure
principle” (I Want, I Want, I
Want)
● Present at birth
● Cares only to satisfy needs and
to achieve immediate
gratification.
● Id driven behaviors are
impulsive and maybe irrational.
ID

9. ● The Ego is ruled by “reality
Principle”, “You can’t always
get what you want.”
● Develop between 4-6 months.
● Primary function of the ego is
one of mediator; that is, to
maintain harmony among the
external world, the id, and the
superego
EGO

10. ● Works on “perfection principle”.
● The superego incorporates the
values and morals of society
which are learned from one’s
parents and others.
● It develops around the age of
3-6 years
● It provides guidelines for
making judgements.
● It is composed of two major
components: the ego-ideal and
the conscience.
SUPEREGO

11. Components of Super ego
Conscience
• The conscience is formed
when the child is punished
consistently for “bad”
behaviour.
• It generates a feeling of
guilt within the individual.
Ego ideal
• When a child is consistently
rewarded for “good” behavior,
the self-esteem is enhanced,
and the behavior becomes part
of the “ego-ideal”

12. Examples
“Mom and
Dad are gone.
Let’s party !!!”
“Never disobey
your parents.”
Id
Ego Super Ego

14. CONSCIOUS
LEVELS OF AWARENESS
PRECONSCIOUS
UNCONSCIOUS

15. • The conscious includes all memories that
remain within an individual’s awareness.
• Events and experiences that are easily
remembered or retrieved are considered to be
conscious awareness.
• Examples:
• Telephone numbers
• Birthday of self & dates of special holidays
• Feeling happiness or sadness.
CONSCIOUS

16. • The preconscious includes all memories that
may have been forgotten or are not in
present awareness but with attention can be
readily recalled into consciousness.
• Examples:
• Telephone numbers or addresses once
known but little used
• Significant life events that may have
occurred at sometime in the past
• Trying to remember the last name of
high school seatmate.
PRECONSCIOUS

17. • The unconscious includes all memories that one
is unable to bring to conscious awareness.
• It consists of unpleasant & non essential
memories such as pain, anxiety & conflict.
• According to Freud, the unconscious continues to
influence our behavior and experience, even
though we are unaware of these underlying
influences.
UNCONSCIOUS

20. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
● Freud believed that psychic energy is the force required for
mental functioning.
● He called this psychic energy (or the drive to fulfil basic
physiological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sex) the
libido.
● As the child matures, psychic energy is diverted from the id
to form the ego and then from the ego to form the
superego.
● If an excessive amount of psychic energy is stored in one of
these personality components, behavior will reflect that
part of the personality.

21. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
● Freud used the terms cathexis and anticathexis to describe
the forces within the id, ego, and superego that are used to
invest psychic energy in external sources to satisfy needs.
Cont.
Cathexis

23. EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS
● Freud believed that self or ego used ego defense mechanisms,
which are methods of attempting to protect the self and cope with
basic drives or emotionally painful thoughts, feelings or events.
● Most defense mechanisms operate at unconscious level of
awareness.
● Repression
● Suppression
● Denial
● Displacement
● Reaction formation
Ego Defense Mechanisms
● Rationalization
● Sublimation
● Compensation
● Projection
● Intellectualization
● Undoing
● Regression
● Dissociation
● Conversion
● Retroflexion
● Substitution

24. Repression
● Unconscious mechanism that keeps the painful ideas and disturbing
thoughts away from consciousness.
● Unconsciously deny impulse.
Suppression
● A conscious attempt to push away unwanted or disturbing thoughts.
● Consciously suppress impulse.
Denial
● Refusal to accept the reality or fact that causes anxiety to a person.

25. Displacement
● Unwanted feelings and frustrations are discharge on a less
threatening object or person.
Reaction formation
● Anxiety producing or unacceptable feelings are replaced with their
exact opposite feelings and emotions.
Rationalization
● Justification of one’s unacceptable behavior or failure in logical
manner by giving social approved reasons.

26. Sublimation
● Practice of acting out socially unacceptable impulses and urges into
socially acceptable activities.
Compensation
● People try to over achieve in one area to compensate shortcomings or
failure in another area.
● It is an act of covering up for a weakness by making an desirable trait.
Projection
● The individual, either consciously or unconsciously, blames another
person for his own failure or difficulties.

27. Intellectualization
● Reasoning (thinking) is used to block confrontation with an
unconscious conflict and it’s emotional stress.
Undoing
● Tries to “undo” an unhealthy, destructive or threatening thought or
action by engaging in contrary behavior.
Regression
● Unconscious return to an earlier or more comfortable developmental
stage where a person feels safe and taken care of.

28. Dissociation
● Unconscious detachment from immediate surroundings or physical
and emotional experiences that causes anxiety.
Conversion
● Conversion of psychological symptoms to physical symptoms.
Retroflexion
● Turning back of something onto self.
● This could be any emotion such as anger, blame, guilt, etc.
Substitution
● Replacement of highly valued unacceptable object with an object that
is more acceptable to the ego.

30. FREUD’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
ORAL
ANAL
PHALLIC
LATENCY
GENITAL

31. FREUD’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
STAGES OF
DEVELOPMENT MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
EXAMPLES OF UNSUCCESSFUL
TASK COMPLETION
Oral
(Birth to 18 months)
• Focus of libido is on mouth, tongue and lips.
• Pleasure centers on mouth – sucking, biting, chewing
Anal
(18 months – 3 yrs)
• Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder
• Elimination and toilet training are the central focus
• Perfectionism or messiness
• Obsessive compulsive disorder
Phallic
(3 – 6 yrs)
• Awareness of genital area as source of pleasure
• Child learns sexual identity
• The development of Oedipus complex(male) and Electra
complex(female) occurs during this stage
• Child gets attached with opposite sex parent
• Sexual dysfunction (transsexuality,
homosexuality)
• Difficulty in accepting authority
Latency
(6 – 12 yrs)
• Quite stage in sexual development
• Child learns to socialize
• Inability to conceptualize
• Lack of motivation in school/ job.
Genital
(12 yrs to
adulthood)
• The genitals are again the focus of stimulation
• Sexual maturity and satisfactory relationship with opposite
sex is the central focus.
• Unsatisfactory relationship
• Impotence
• Premature ejaculation.
• Nail biting
• Drug addiction
• Difficulty in trusting others
• Smoking
• Over eating
• Alcoholism

33. PSYCHOANALYSIS
● Psychoanalysis is a type of therapy that aims to release repressed
emotions and memories in order to help the client to gain insight
to resolve conflicts and anxieties.
● The techniques used in psychoanalysis are free association, dream
analysis and interpretation of behavior.
Current Psychoanalytic Practice
● Psychoanalysis is still practiced today but on a very limited basis.
● Analysis is lengthy (sessions are weekly or more for several years)
● It is costly and not covered by conventional health insurance programs.
● Known as “Therapy for the Wealthy”

34. PSYCHOANALYSIS
● It is a primary method used in
psychoanalysis.
● It involves discussing a client’s
dreams to discover their true meaning
and significance; sometimes the
meaning was hidden or symbolic.
Dream Analysis Free Association
● It is another method used to gain
assess to subconscious thoughts and
feelings.
● In this method, the therapist says a
word and asks the client to respond
quickly with the first thing that comes
to mind.

35. RELEVANCE OF PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
TO NURSING PRACTICE
● Knowledge of structure of personality can assist
nurses who work in the mental health setting.
● The ability to recognize behaviors associated with
id, ego and superego assists in the assessment of
developmental level.
● Understanding the use of ego defense mechanisms
is important in making determinations about
maladaptive behaviors, in planning care for clients.

36. ● Freud’s theory offers a comprehensive explanation of complex human
processes and suggests that the formation of a patient’s personality is
strongly influenced by childhood experiences.
● Freud’s theory of the unconscious mind is particularly valuable as a
baseline for considering the complexity of human behavior.
● By considering conscious and unconscious influences, a nurse can
identify and begin to think about the root causes of patient suffering.
● Freud emphasized the importance of individual talk sessions
characterized by attentive listening, with a focus on underlying themes
as an important tool of healing in psychiatric care.
RELEVANCE OF PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
TO NURSING PRACTICE

37. PATIENT
• Should be an active participant.
• Has to lie down during therapy
to induce relaxation which
facilitates free association.
• Should reveal all his thoughts,
feelings & dreams.
ROLES OF PATIENT AND NURSE

38. LIMITATIONS

39. ANY DOUBTS ??

41. Books:
C. L. Subash Indra Kumar.(2014). Psychiatry and Mental Health Nursing. P.85-87.
Dr. K. Lalitha.(2015). Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing. P. 103-106.
Mary C. Towsend.(2015). Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing (8th ed.). P. 29-32
Sheila L. Videbeck.(2011). Psychiatric - Mental Health Nursing (5th ed.). P. 44-47.
Journals:
International Journal of Psychoanalysis, Vol 97, Issue 3, 2016
Journal of the American psychoanalytic association, Vol 52, Issue 1, 2004
Internet:
https://rnspeak.com/freuds-psychoanalytic-theory/
http://www.opentextbooks.org.hk/ditatopic/27363
REFERENCES

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