2. In your lab notebook, please answer as best you can:
1. What is an atom which has donated an electron in order to form a full energy
level called? What charge does it have?
• Ion (cation); positive charge
2. What does C6H12O6 represent?
• A sugar molecule of 6 Carbon atoms bonded to 12 Hydrogen and 6 Oxygen atoms
3. Draw a Bohr Model diagram of a
stable, neutral Aluminum atom.
4. Draw a Lewis Dot Structure of a
stable, neutral Aluminum atom.
5. What is the temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas?
• The boiling point (varies with each substance)
Bonus Question: Is it possible for a liquid to turn into a gas without boiling?
Yes! (evaporation)
Review
Quiz 4
4. All matter is made of atoms
Atoms of the same kind are pure elements with distinct properties
What gives each element its unique characteristics?
What makes gold soft and shiny?
What causes salt to form into crystals?
Why is Helium "lighter than air"
MatterMatter
Interactive Periodic TableInteractive Periodic Table
Review
Answer:
The number and
arrangement of particles in
each atom determines the
properties of the elements.
5. • Rows (called periods) highlight the repeating nature of elements
• Displayed in order of increasing atomic number
• Share the same number of occupied electron energy levels
• Atomic radius decreases as you move left to right (more protons = tighter pull)
• Ionization energy increases left to right (tendency to capture electrons)
• Columns (called groups) have similar chemical & physical properties
• Same # of valence electrons (electrons in outermost shell)
Periodic Table of the Elements
- What patterns do you see?
6. Periodic Table of Elements
- Bohr Diagrams
• What similarity do you see among
periods (horizontal rows)?
7. Periodic Table of Elements
- Lewis Dot Structures
• Can you see the
patterns among
the groups
(vertical columns)?
8. Three General Classes of Elements
• Metals ~ 80% of all elements
• Shiny, solid (except Hg)
• Malleable (soft, can reshape)
• Conduct heat & electricity
• Ductile (drawn into thin wires)
• Metalloids - only 7
• Have properties of
both metals and
nonmetals
• All are solids
• Semiconductors
• Nonmetals - 2nd
largest group
• Dull (not shiny)
• Brittle (shatter, not bendable)
• Good insulators
• More than half are gases
9. Group 1: Alkali Metals
• Physical Properties
• Soft (can be cut with knife)
• Shiny and silver
• Low densities
Bohr Diagram Lewis Structure
• Chemical Properties
• Have 1 valence electron
• VERY REACTIVE!
– Usually lose 1 electron in reactions
– More stable (happy) as cations
• Never found as pure elements in nature
• Must be stored under oil in sealed
containers to prevent violent reactions
Sodium
in
Water
10. Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals
• Physical Properties
• Hard
• Gray-white
• Good electrical conductors
Bohr Diagram Lewis Structure
• Chemical Properties
• Have 2 valence electrons
• Less reactive than alkali metals, but
more than the other metals
• Usually react by losing both valence
electrons to form +2 cations
• Never found as pure elements in nature
Berryllium
Magnesium
Calcium
Strontium
Barium
Radium
Sr
Calcium & Barium
in Water
11. Group 3-12: Transition Metals
& Lanthanide and Actinide Series
• Physical Properties
• Form colored compounds
• Most are hard & shiny
• Good electrical conductors
Bohr Diagram Lewis Structure
• Chemical Properties
• have 1 or 2 valence electrons
• Less reactive, but unpredictable
reactions
• Can help speed up reactions
(catalysts)
• Form cations or metallic bonds
Au
* Lanthanides **Actinides
Copper
& Zinc
Reactions
12. Group 13: Boron Family
• Physical Properties
• Boron (metalloid) is hard, black
solid and very brittle
• Good conductor at high temps
• Poor conductor at low temps
• Al, Ga, In, & Ti are metals
• mixed conductivity, soft/malleable
Bohr Diagram
• Chemical Properties
• Have 3 valence electrons
• Reactivity varies within this group
• General form cations and ionic bonds
Boron
Aluminum
Gallium
Indium
Thallium
Lewis Structure
Al
Metal Salts
Flame Test
13. • Physical Properties
• Carbon (nonmetal) is found in
nearly every living thing
• Elemental forms in nature:
– Graphite & diamonds
• Si & Ge are metalloids
• Sn & Pb are metals
Group 14: Carbon Family
Bohr Diagram
• Chemical Properties
• Have 4 valence electrons
• May gain or lose electrons
• Often covalently shares 4 electrons when reacting
with other elements
Carbon
Silicon
Germanium
Tin
Lead
Lewis Structure
Bronze from
Tin & Copper
Ge
14. • Physical Properties
• N & P are nonmetals
• Nitrogen is a gas at room temp
• All others are solids
• As & Sb are metalloids
• Bismuth is a metal
Group 15: Nitrogen Family
Bohr Diagram
• Chemical Properties
• Have 5 valence electrons
• Elements vary in reactivity
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Arsenic
Antimony
Bismuth
Lewis Structure
Phosphorus
video
As
Phosphorus
Bismuth
15. • Physical Properties
• Oxygen is a nonmetal gas
• Most abundant element in Earth's
crust (1/5 Earth's atmosphere)
• Sulfur is a yellow, nonmetal solid
• Smells like rotten eggs
Group 16: Oxygen Family
Bohr Diagram
• Selenium is a nonmetal solid
• Conducts electricity with sunlight
• Te & Po are metalloids
• Chemical Properties
• Have 6 valence electrons
• Elements vary in reactivity
Oxygen
Sulfur
Selenium
Tellurium
Polonium
Lewis Structure
Sulfuric Acid
on Sugar
Cubes
Tellurium
S
16. • Physical Properties
• Fluorine & Chlorine are greenish-
yellow gases, toxic in their pure form
• Bromine is a smelly, reddish-brown
liquid that causes burns
• Iodine is a dark-gray solid
• Astatine is a radioactive solid
Group 17: Halogens
P:53
N:74
Bohr Diagram
• Chemical Properties
• Have 7 valence electrons
• Generally gain (to form +1 anions) or
share 1 electron
• All very reactive
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Astatine
Lewis Structure
Halogen
Reactions
I
17. • Physical Properties
• All are gases easily found in the
atmosphere
• Each noble gas creates a different
color in "neon" lights
Group 18: Noble Gases
Bohr Diagram
• Chemical Properties
• Have 8 valence electrons (except He)
• Have full valence shells, so NOT very reactive
• Sometimes called “inert”
Helium
Neon
Argon
Krypton
Xenon
Radon
Lewis Structure
Lead Balloon
Demo
Ar
18. • Physical Properties
• Most abundant element in the universe
• Doesn't fit in any group
• Invisible gas (nonmetal), very flammable
• Pure hydrogen is lighter than air
Hydrogen
Bohr Diagram
• Chemical Properties
• Has only 1 valence electron
• Forms many different compounds
• Has NO neutrons
Lewis Structure
Hydrogen
Bomb
H
Notes de l'éditeur
All because of the atoms that form them -
different atoms have different properties that react depending on their number of protons, electrons & neutrons
Like the days of the month, the chemical elements can be arranged in a way that shows a repeating, or PERIODIC pattern.
DRY ERASE EXERCISE
Patterns: atomic # increases as you move left to right
Groups share same # of valence electron
Energy levels increase as you move down a group
luster is a measure of shinyness
Common uses:
Sodium chloride is table salt, lithium in batteries, Cesium in clocks, potassium in fireworks, liquid detergents, fertilizers and vitamins, rubidium in photocells (motion detectors)
Pure sodium in water = flames
Common uses:
Beryllium in high-speed aircraft, missiles, spacecraft & satellites, Magnesium combined with other metals to form strong but lightweight alloys. Calcium in limestone & marble, essential for strong teeth & bones, Strontium gives fireworks their red color, barium in ceramics and some types of glass (and GI x-rays).
Radium is radioactive (too many protons or too few neutrons causes unstable atom where particles are released) and used in cancer chemotherapy.
Elements with atomic number greater than 92 are manufactured in laboratories and are highly unstable (radioactive)
Common uses:
Boron makes boric acid (mild antiseptic), borax (laundry water softener & ant killer) and a small component of silly putty - produces green flame when burned
Aluminum (most abundant metal in Earth's crust) is soft and light - found in baseball bats, drink cans, bikes & cooking utensils.
Gallium is solid at room temp but melts in your hand - used in electronic devices
Indium also has a low melting point - used in alloys in thermometers and flat-screen TV's
Thallium is poisonous - not many uses, but sometimes mixed with other compounds to form types of glass.
Common uses:
Graphite in pencils and powder lubricant, silicon comprises sand and used in semiconductors (computer chips),
Tin lines steel food cans, mixed with copper makes bronze, Lead resists corrosion - used in ceramics, plumbing, glassmaking
Common uses:
Nitrogen (largest component of air), builds proteins in cells, DNA/RNA
Phosphorus - highly reactive/corrosive solid, also found in human body, used in match heads (very flammable)
Arsenic - pesticides, pyrotechnics
Antimony - hardens & strengthens lead, semiconductors, batteries
Bismuth - carrier for uranium fuel in nuclear reactors, fire extinguishing systems, cosmetics, medicine
Common uses:
Sulfur - food preservative, rubber product, bleaching & refrigeration
Selenium - solar cells, light meters, photocopiers
Tellurium - semiconductors, ceramics, tinting glass
Polonium - rare radioactive element, named after Poland (discoverers Marie & Pierre Curie's native country)
Common uses:
Fluorine - fluoride toothpaste, teflon
Chlorine - table salt, disinfectant, bleaching of paper product or clothing
Bromine - dye, disinfectant, photographic chemicals
Iodine - essential for thyroid function
Common uses:
The Eagle Nebula. (External Sample)By weight, 75 percent of the visible universe is hydrogen. Ordinarily it is a colorless gas, but vast quantities of it in space absorb starlight, creating spectacular sights such as the Eagle Nebula (seen by the Hubble Space telescope).
Found in: water, sugar, ammonia, rocket fuel, stars & nebulae, and air
Beauty salon peroxide to show how difference in concentration affects rate of reaction
Like the days of the month, the chemical elements can be arranged in a way that shows a repeating, or PERIODIC pattern.
DRY ERASE EXERCISE
Patterns: atomic # increases as you move left to right
Groups share same # of valence electron
Energy levels increase as you move down a group