All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office U.S. Department of Defense (U) Case: “Eg...
Diatom biogeography: distribution of the Luticola species found in Iguazú National Park
1. Julian Simonato1,2, Silvia E. Sala1, John P. Kociolek3, Jordan K. Swenson3, Michael P.
Kociolek
1División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata,
Argentina.
2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
3Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of
Colorado, Boulder, USA
Diatom biogeography: distribution of the Luticola
species found in Iguazú National Park
2. Diatom species are closely linked to the chemical characteristics of the waters where they live, grow in particular ranges of pH and
salinity, and have specific ranges and tolerances. Due to their richness of species, specificity of the habitat and resistant siliceous
cover, they are considered excellent ecological indicators (Smol & Stoermer 2010).
Until a few years ago, freshwater diatoms were considered mostly cosmopolitan, but recent studies suggest that endemism in the
group is more the rule than the exception (Kociolek & Spaulding 2000; Telford et al. 2006; van de Vijver 2007; Astorga et al. 2012;
Chong et al. 2015). This situation points out the necessity to obtain information about the biogeography of groups and lineages, as
Kociolek et al. (2019) did with the freshwater diatom genus. A decade ago, the diatoms registered in South America were mostly
cosmopolitan, as a consequence of the use of the available references originating in the northern hemisphere (Morales et al.,
2009, 2014). Recent works showed numerous endemic taxa in the region and floristic differences between different areas
(Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot 1998, 2007; Rumrich et al. 2000; Vouilloud et al. 2010; Montoya-Moreno et al. 2012; among others),
and the existence of defined distribution patterns, although these have not yet been established.
The Argentine diatom flora has not been approached from a biogeographic perspective. Only Maidana et al. (2005) analyzed a
Patagonian-Antarctic transect and found a high percentage of species in common. On the other hand, when comparing data from
different regions of the country (Frenguelli 1923-1924, 1933, 1941, 1942,1953) it is possible to observe floristic differences
between the Parano-Platense region with typically tropical components, and the Andean-Patagonian region) with a higher
proportion of elements from cold temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
The choice of the genus Luticola Mann in Round et al. (1990) as a model for the biogeographic study of diatoms is based on the
fact that it is a monophyletic genus of more than 200 species with great diversity in in South America and Antarctica. Kociolek et
al. (2017) analyzed the genus in Antarctica and observed that approximately 20% of all species of the genus (42) are endemic to
this continent and there is only one cosmopolitan species in this region. In addition, Simonato et al. (2020 in press) found a
relationship between ultrastructural characters and distribution, delimiting 3 groups: 1) with species mostly from the “New World”,
2) with species from Colombia and Brazil, and 3) with species from all across the world.
The aim of this work is to evaluate diversity to of Luticola species in Iguazú National Park (N.P.) and to establish their distribution
patterns.
Introduction
references originating
3. Materials & Methods
Two expeditions were carried out in Iguazú N.P. (Misiones, Argentina), one in December 2017 and the other in May 2019, in which
samples were taken at 16 sites. Luticola species were found in 8 of them.
The periphyton samples were collected by scraping rocks, macrophytes and filamentous algae in different waterbodies (rivers,
streams, waterfalls and wetlands) and in sites affected by the waterfalls spray.
Sampling sites were georeferenced with a Garmin eTrex 20x GPS. Environmental parameters of the water were also measured:
temperature, pH, conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) were determinated with a Hanna HI98130 tester.
Samples were treated to remove organic
matter (van der Werff 1955; Prygiel &
Coste 2000). Cleaned material was air
dried onto glass coverslips and prepared
using Naphrax mounting medium for
observation with light microscopy and on
glass stubs and coated with gold for study
with scanning electron microscopy.
For the analysis of the distribution of the
species found, the following works were
consulted: van de Vijver et al. 2002;
Johansen et al. 2004; van de Vijver &
Mataloni 2008; De Marco et al. 2011;
Levkov et al. 2013; Rodrigues Bartozek et
al. 2013; Chattová et al. 2017;
Glushchenko et al. 2017; Straube et al.
2017; Taboada et al. 2017; Da Silva-
Lehmkuhl et al. 2019).
Map showing the sampling sites in Iguazú N.P.
4. We found a total of 18 species
of the genus Luticola in Iguazú
N.P.
We list the species with their
distribution in the table.
The range environmental
parameters of the water was:
pH: 7.1-7.62
Temp: 19.4-26.8 ºC
Cond: 0.03-0.08 mS/cm
TDS: 0.02-0.04 ppt
Results
Species Distribution
Luticola bartolomeii Silva-Lehmkuhl, T. Ludwig, Tremarin & D. Bicudo, 2019 Brazil
Luticola beyensii Van de Vijver, Ledeganck & Lebouvier, 2002 Brazil, Amsterdam and Saint-Paul Islands
Luticola camopiensis Levkov, Metzeltin & Pavlov, 2013 Brazil, French Guaiana
Luticola dapaloides (Frenguelli) Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot, 1998 Argentina, Brazil
Luticola ectorii Levkov, Metzeltin & Pavlov, 2013 Argentina, Brazil, Indonesia, China
Luticola fuhrmanii Metzeltin & Levkov, 2013 Brazil, Uruguay, Tanzania
Luticola goeppertiana (Bleisch) D.G.Mann, 1990 Cosmopolitan
Luticola hustedtii Levkov, Metzeltin & Pavlov, 2013 Argentina, Brazil, USA, Congo, Tanzania, Indonesia, New Caledonia
Luticola intermedia (Hustedt) Levkov, Metzeltin & Pavlov, 2013 Brazil, El Salvador, Panama, Indonesia, Vietnam, Papua New Guinea
Luticola isabelae Metzeltin & Pavlov, 2013 Argentina, Brazil
Luticola lagerheimii (Cleve) D.G.Mann, 1990 Ecuador, El Salvador, Argentina
Luticola muticoides (Hustedt) D.G.Mann, 1990 Brazil, USA, Congo, India, Indonesia, Laos
Luticola permuticoides Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot, 2007 Brazil
Luticola pseudocharcotii Levkov, Metzeltin & Pavlov, 2013 Uruguay
Luticola rhombica (S.J.C.Zimmermann) Levkov, Metzeltin & A.Pavlov, 2013 Brazil, Tanzania
aff. Luticola charlatii (Peragallo) Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot, 2005 Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, USA, Europe, Azores
aff. Luticola cuspidata Levkov, Metzeltin & Pavlov, 2013 Australia
aff. Luticola friedrichii Levkov, Metzeltin & Pavlov, 2013 Brazil, Uruguay
Some Luticola species that we found:
a: Luticola rhombica b: Luticola pseudocharcotii
c: Luticola isabelae d: Luticola goeppertiana
e: Luticola hustedtii f: Luticola intermedia
g: Luticola ectorii h: Luticola fuhrmanii
i: Luticola lagerheimii j: Luticola dapaloides
5. Of the 18 taxa we found in Iguazú N.P., 8 are from the
Neotropical Kingdom (Takhtajan et al. 1986), 6 are mostly
from tropical regions (Neotropical and Paleotropical
Kingdom), 2 are cosmopolitan, and 2 have disjunct
distributions.
We consider that L. hustedtii and L. muticoides have
tropical distributions, but is necessary to highlight that
these species have also been reported from temperate-
cold regions of USA.
Levkov et al. (2013) mention that L. goeppertiana, is
widely distributed, but also remarked that many records
should be reconsidered, especially in the tropical and sub-
tropical zones.
Concerning species with disjunct distributions, we
consider that a deeper analysis is needed since they
could be cryptic species, which are very common among
diatoms (Beszteri et al. 2005; Amato et al. 2007;
Poulíčková et al. 2010; Degerlund et al. 2012; Kermarrec
et al. 2013; Hamsher & Saunders 2014).
Discussion & Conclusions
Neotropical
Tropical
Cosmpolitan
Disjunct
aff. L. friedrichii
L. bartolomeii
L. camopiensis
L. dapaloides
L. isabelae
L. lagerheimii
L. permuticoides
L. pseudocharcotii
L. muticoides
aff. L. charlatii
L. ectorii
L. fuhrmanii
L. intermedia
L. rhombica
L. hustedtii
L. beyensii
aff. L. cuspidata
L. goeppertiana
Amato, A., Kooistra, W., Levialdi Ghiron, J. H., Mann, D.G, Pröschoid, T. & Montresor, M. 2007. Reproductive isolation among sympatric cryptic species in marine diatoms. Protist 158, 193- 207.
Astorga, A., Oksanen, J., Luoto, M., Soininen, J., Virtanen, R., & Muotka, T. 2012. Distance decay of similarity in freshwater communities: do macro‐and microorganisms follow the same rules?. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21(3), 365-375.
Bartozek, E. C. R., Bueno, N. C., Ludwig, T. A. V., Tremarin, P. I., Nardelli, M. S., & Rocha, A. C. R. D. (2013). Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) of Iguaçu National Park, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 27(1), 108-123.
Beszteri, B., Ács, É., & Medlin, L. K. (2005). Ribosomal DNA sequence variation among sympatric strains of the Cyclotella meneghinianacomplex(Bacillariophyceae) reveals cryptic diversity. Protist, 156(3), 317-333.
Chattová, B., Lebouvier, M., De Haan, M., & Van de Vijver, B. (2017). The genus Luticola (Bacillariophyta) on Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul (Southern Indian Ocean) with the description of two new species. European Journal of Taxonomy, (387).
Chong, C., Pearce, D.A. & Convey, P. 2015. Emergingspatial patterns in Antarctic prokaryotes. Front.Microbiol. 6: 1058.
Da Silva-Lehmkuhl, A. M., Ludwig, T. A. V., Tremarin, P. I., & Bicudo, D. D. C. (2019). On Luticola Mann (Bacillariophyceae) in southeastern Brazil: taxonomy, ecology and description of two new species. Phytotaxa, 402(4), 165-186.
De Marco, S. N. M., Tracanna, B. C., & Maidana, N. (2011). Fitoplanctonde ambientes lóticos de la cuenca superiordel río Salí, Tucumán, Argentina. Lilloa, 100-123.
Degerlund, M., Huseby, S., Zingone, A., Sarno, D., & Landfald, B. (2012). Functionaldiversity in cryptic species of Chaetoceros socialis Lauder (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Plankton Research, 34(5), 416-431.
Frenguelli, J. 1923-1924. Resultadosde la Primera Expedición a Tierra del Fuego (1921). Diatomeasde Tierra del Fuego. Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 97: 87–118, 231– 266.
Frenguelli, J. 1933. Contribuciones al conocimiento de las Diatomeas Argentinas. VII Diatomeasde la Región de los esteros del Iberá (en la Provincia de Corrientes). Anales Del Museo Argentino de Historia Natural, 37, 365–475.
Frenguelli, J. 1941. Diatomeas delRío de la Plata. Rev. Museo de la Plata, Nueva Serie, Sección Botánica 3: 213–334.
Frenguelli, J. 1942. XVII Contribución al conocimiento de las diatomeas argentinas. Diatomeas delNeuquén. Rev. Mus. La Plata 5, Bot. 20: 73–219.
Frenguelli, J. 1953. Diatomeas delTerritorio Nacional de Misiones. Rev. del Museo de la Ciudad Eva Perón, n.s, SecciónBotánica 8: 63–86
Glushchenko, A. M., Kulikovskiy, M., & Kociolek, J. P. (2017). New and interestingspecies from the genus Luticola (Bacillariophyceae)in waterbodies of Southeastern Asia. Phycologia, 56(4), 63.
Hamsher, S. E., & Saunders, G. W. (2014). A floristic survey of marine tube-forming diatoms reveals unexpected diversity and extensive co-habitation among genetic lines of the Berkeleya rutilans complex (Bacillariophyceae). European Journal of Phycology, 49(1), 47-59.
Johansen, J. R., Lowe, R., Gomez, S. R., Kociolek, J. P., & Makosky, S. A. (2004). New algal species records for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA, with an annotated checklist of all reported algal speciesfor the park. AlgologicalStudies, 111(1), 17-44.
Kermarrec, L., Franc, A., Rimet, F., Chaumeil, P., Humbert, J. F., & Bouchez, A. (2013). Next‐generation sequencing to inventory taxonomic diversity in eukaryotic communities: a test for freshwater diatoms. Molecular ecology resources, 13(4), 607-619.
Kociolek, J. P. (2018). A worldwide listingand biogeography of freshwater diatom genera: a phylogenetic perspective. Diatom research, 33(4), 509-534.
Kociolek, J. P., Kopalová, K., Hamsher, S. E., Kohler, T. J., Van de Vijver, B., Convey, P., & McKnight, D. M. 2017. Freshwater diatom biogeography and the genus Luticola: an extreme case of endemism in Antarctica. Polar Biology, 40(6), 1185-1196.
Kociolek, J.P. & Spaulding, S.A. 2000. Freshwater diatom biogeography. NovaHedwigia, 71(1-2), 223-242.
Levkov, Z., Metzeltin, D. & Pavlov, A. 2013. Luticola and Luticolopsis. Diatoms of Europe 7: 1– 697.
Maidana, NI., Izaguirre, I., Vincour, A., Mataloni, G. & Pizarro, H. 2005. Diatomeas en una transecta patagónica-antártica. Ecología Austral 15: 159–176.
Metzeltin, D. & Lange-Bertalot, H. 1998. Tropical diatomsof South America I: About 700 rarely known or new taxa representative of the neotropical flora. In: Iconographia Diatomologica 5. Königstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. 1–695.
Metzeltin, D. & Lange-Bertalot, H. 2007. Tropical Diatoms of South AmericaII. Specialremarks on biogeography disjunction In: Iconogr. Diat. Annotated Diatom Micrographs. Vol. 18. Diversity-Taxonomy-Biogeography. (H. Lange-Bertalot, ed.), A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G. 18: 1–877.
Montoya Moreno, Y., Sala, S.E., Vouilloud, A.A. & Aguirre, N. 2012. Diatomeas (Bacillariophyta) Perifíticas del Complejo Cenagoso De Ayapel, Colombia. I. Caldasia 34:457-474.
Morales, E., Fernández, E. & Kociolek, P. 2009. Epilithic diatoms from cloud forest and alpine streams in Bolivia, South America3: diatomsfrom Sehuencas, Carrasco National Park, Depart. Cochabamba Act. Bot. Croat. 68 263–283.
Morales, E.A., Rivera, S.F., Wetzel, C.E., Novais, M.H., Hamilton, P.B., Hoffmann, L. & Ector, L. 2014. New epiphytic araphid diatomsin the genus Ulnaria (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. Diatom Research, 29(1), 41–54.
Poulíčková, A., Veselá, J., Neustupa, J., & Škaloud, P. (2010). Pseudocrypticdiversity versus cosmopolitanism in diatoms: a case study on Navicula cryptocephala Kütz.(Bacillariophyceae) and morphologically similar taxa. Protist, 161(3), 353-369.
Prygiel, J. & Coste, M. 2000. Guide Méthodologique pour la mise en ouvre de L´Indice Biologique Diatomées. Agences de l´Eau, & CEMAGREF, 134 p.
Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. & Mann, D.G. 1990. The Diatoms. Biology and morphology of the genera. Cambridge University Press. 747 p.
Rumrich, U., Lange-Bertalot, H. & Rumrich, M. 2000. Diatomeen derAnden von Venezuela bis Patagonien/Feuerland Und zweiweitere Beiträge. Iconographia Diatomologica 9. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G., Germany. 673p.
Simonato, J., Kociolek, J.P., Sala, S.E., Plata-Diaz, Y. & Nuñez-Avellaneda, M. 2020. Three new Luticola species from the Andean-Amazonian transition in Colombia: Taxonomy, Morphology and Preliminary Considerations of the Biogeography of the Genus. Diatom Research (in
press).
Smol, J.P. & Stoermer, E. F. (Eds.). 2010. The diatoms: applicationsfor the environmentaland earth sciences. Cambridge University Press.
Straube, A., Tremarin, P. I., & Ludwig, T. A. V. (2017). Species of Luticola DG Mann (Bacillariophyceae) in the Atlantic Forest rivers from southern Brazil. Diatom Research, 32(4), 417-437.
Taboada, M. D. L. Á., Tracanna, B. C., & Martinez de Marco, S. (2017). Estudio de la ficoflora como bioindicadora del estado ecológico en sistemas lóticos de Tucumán. Evaluación del impacto antrópico.
Takhtajan, A., Crovello, T. J., & Cronquist, A. (1986). Floristic regions of the world (Vol. 544). Berkeley: University of California press.
Telford, R., Vandvik, V. & Birks, H.J.B. 2006. Dispersallimitations matter for microbial morphospecies. Science 312: 2015.
Van de Vijver, B. & Mataloni, G. 2008. New and interesting species in the genus Luticola DG Mann (Bacillariophyta) from Deception Island (South Shetland Islands). Phycologia, 47(5), 451- 467.
Van de Vijver, B. 2007. Biodiversity and biogeography of the (sub-) Antarctic region based on non marine diatoms. Mededelingen derzittingen der Koninklijke Academie derOverzeese Wetenschappen 5: 301–318.
Van de Vijver, B., Ledeganck, P., & Lebouvier, M. (2002). Luticola beyensii sp. nov., a new aerophilousdiatom from ile Saint Paul (Indian Ocean, TAAF). Diatom Research, 17(1), 235-241.
Van de Vijver, B., Tavernier, I., Kellogg, T., Gibson, J., Verleyen, E., Vyverman, W. & Sabbe, K. 2012. Revision of type materials of antarctic diatom species described by West & West (1911), with the description of two new species. Fottea,
Van der Werff, A. (1955). A New Method of Concentrating and Cleaning Diatoms and Other Organism.
Vouilloud, A.A., Sala, S.E., Nuñez Avellaneda, M. & Duque, S.R. 2010. Diatoms from the Colombianand Peruvian Amazon: the genera Encyonema, Encyonopsisand Gomphonema. Int.Jour.Trop. Biol. 58: 45-62.
Bibliography