Just some brief notes!

2.  Carbohydrates are an important source of
energy that can be used by the cells.
 Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen.
 The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms
in one molecule of carbohydrate is 2:1

3. Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

4.  Monosaccharides are monomers of
carbohydrates which are the simplest type of
carbohydrates. (simple sugars)
 Main source energy for many cells
 Long chain monosaccharides can combine
with proteins and lipids forming glycoprotein
and glycolipids respectively.
 Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose

5.  Glucose is found in plants and fruits.
 Chemical formula for glucose: C6H12O6
 Fructose is found in sweet fruits and honey
 Glactose is found in milk
 Monosaccharides are reducing sugars(act as a
reducing agent)

6.  Disaccharide is formed when two
monosaccharides are formed by means of
condensation
 Condensation involves the removal of a
water molecule when a bond is formed
between two molecules of monosaccharides
 Examples: maltose, sucrose, lactose

7.  Maltose is formed from condensation of 2
glucose molecules
 Sucrose is formed from glucose and fructose
 Lactose is formed from glucose and galactose
 Disaccharides can be broken into
monosaccharides by hydrolysis
 Hydrolysis is a reaction involving the addition of
water.

8. condensation
Glucose + Glucose Maltose + water
hydrolysis
Maltose is malt sugar
Sucrose is cane sugar
Lactose is milk sugar
Maltose and lactose are reducing sugars
Sucrose is non-reducing sugars

9.  Polysaccharides is the combination of
hundreds of monosaccharides through
condensation
 Polysaccharides are polymers formed by
condensation of glucose monomers

10.  Insoluble in water( due to their large molecular
size)
 Do not taste sweet
 Do not crystalize
 Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose
 Starch is found in plants (wheat, rice, potatoes,
bread and corn)
 Starch is the main carbohydrate reserve in plants.

11.  Glycogen(animal starch) is the main reserve of
carbohydrates in animals and yeast
 Humans and animals store glycogen mainly in liver
and muscle cells
 Polysaccharide chain in glycogen are highly
branched
 Cell walls of plants are made of cellulose.

12.  Polysaccharides
can be broken down into smaller
molecules through hydrolysis by adding diluted acid
or through enzymatic action
hydrolysis
Polysaccharides + Acid Monosaccharides