2. Fold
•The bending of rock-strata due to compressional forces acting
tangentially or horizontally towards a common point or plane
from opposite directions is known as folding.
•It result in the crumbling of strata forming wavy undulation on
the earth which are know as fold
3. CAUSES AND MECHANISM OF FOLD:
•
Most rocks are plastic and bend Under great pressure
•
Pressure acting on a rock It exceeds Elastic limit they become permanently bent
or folded
•
Rock barrid on considerable depth high temperature plastic deformed under
stress
•
Forces connected in the earth crest.
4. Fold mechanism is influenced by factors
affecting deformation:
• temperature
• pressure
• fluid
• properties of the rock as determined by
composition, texture, and anisotropy.
6. BUCKLING
• Folds form by buckling where force is applied parallel
to layering in rocks. The product of buckling is
buckled fold.
• Produce layers shortening.
• Thin sheet under lateral pressure
• Strain produced with in the layer is determined by
extension around the outer Arc and compression in
the Inner Arc .
7.
8. BENDING
• Bending involves application of force
across layers.
• Generally produce folds that are
very gentle with large inter limb
angles.
• Layers in bending are bent like an
elastic beam the has been supported
at the ends and loaded in the middle.
9.
10. •
Simple bending due to lateral compression
•
Stress axis horizontal
•
Strata with or without slide one another
Flexure folding
11. FLEXURAL SLIP
• Act usually in low temperature and pressure found at
shallow depth within the Earth Crust.
• Parallel concentric folds form by buckling or bending.
Slip in these folds is parallel to the layering and
characterized by slickenside's, fibers. They have
constant layer thickness.
Flexural-slip folds
12. 12
FLEXURAL FLOW
• Flexural flow requires moderate-to high ductility contrast between
layers.
• In flexural fold amplitude and wavelength may be controlled by the
original thickness, spacing and strength of the strong layers.
• Form in rocks from low and moderate metamorphic grade. They are
similar like folds.
Example: shale (change thickness) and quartzite (fixed thickness)
14. PASSIVE FLOW
Passive-flow folds:
•Are similar folds that involve plastic deformation.
• The layering acts only as a displacement marker.
•Passive flow folds form in metamorphic rocks
with low mean ductility and ductility contrast.
Example: salt, glacial ice and water saturated
unconsolidated sediments
17. KINK FOLDING
• Kink and chevron folds have straight limbs and narrow angular hinges.
• Kink folds requires local slippage (flexural slip) between layers.
• The fold is produced by the Rotation of set of layers on either side of kink-
plane (Axial surface) the layer deform partly by flexural slip
