1. Height of
Imperialism
1819 CE – 1914 CE

2. Key Terms
• Imperialism: (sec 1) The extension of one
nations powers over another.
• Indigenous: (sec 2) Native to a region
• Viceroy: (sec 3) A governor who rules in place
of a monarch.
• Nonviolent resistance: (sec 3) opposition a
government without violence.
• Creole: (sec 4) Person of European descent,
living in West Indies or South America.
• Monroe Doctrine: (sec 4) 1823 President
James Monroe guaranteed no European
interference in the Western Hemisphere.

3. Section 1: Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia
•Section 1 Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia
The nineteenth century saw the emergence of a new imperialism in Asia and
Africa.
•By establishing overseas colonies, Western powers saw an opportunity to
improve their access to both raw materials and new markets for their
manufactured goods.
•Racism, Social Darwinism, and the "white man's burden" all helped
Westerners justify colonization.
•Virtually all of Southeast Asia came under the control of Great Britain,
France, and the United States. Only Thailand stayed independent.
•Colonial powers ruled either indirectly, relying mainly on local elites, or
directly by sending a governor.
•Although some local people profited from the colonial arrangement, most
suffered from the harsh conditions of plantation work.
•Resistance movements sought to protect local economic and religious
interests but were crushed by the colonial powers.
•Later, Western-educated elites led resistance movements with a new goal—
national independence.

4. Chapter 21: Imperialism
•With industrialism, Western nations
begin to look to Asia and Africa as Cartoon depicting
source of raw materials. British imperialism
•Colonial nations want to control the
politics and economics of colonies
•Strategic and religious concerns
also come into play.
“White Man’s Burden”
•Colonial countries believed their
efforts were justified by the following:
• Desire to help the „uncivilized‟
• Desire to spread Christianity
• „Social Darwinism‟
•Critics charge Europeans and
Americans with using double standard
(freedom and rights at home, but none
in their colonial possessions).
Cartoon titled „White Man‟s Burden‟

5. Section 1: Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia
•Between 1800 and 1900,
most of Asia was carved
up by Western powers.
•Great Britain developed
colonies in Singapore
(city), Burma (Myanmar),
New Guinea and India.
•France developed
colonies in Indochina
(Vietnam) Cambodia and
Laos.
•Thailand (Siam): The
exception, with wise kings,
they kept control of
themselves. Colonial Map of Southeast Asia
•Spain: Philippines the US Direct Rule: (officials from the „mother country‟ rule
took control of the the land) Burma, Southern Mekong
Philippines after Spanish- Indirect Rule: (local rulers maintained their control)
American War. N. Vietnam, Dutch East Indies

6. Section 1: Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia
•Colonial powers would rule by differing
methods.
•Indirect rule involved associations with
local leaders.
•Direct rule replaced local leaders with
officials from mother nation.
•Political rights of local people varied by
colony. Fleet of Dutch East
Indian trading ships
Problems from Imperialism:
•Demeaned local people
•Abused natural resources; forced locals to grow what colonists wanted, etc.
•Persecuted local religions
•Stole profits from exports
•Caused animosity amongst East vs. West (establishing future wars ie. WWII,
Korean War and Vietnam War.

7. Resistance to Colonialism in Asia
•Many Asian people were unhappy with
treatment at hands of colonial rulers.
•Resistance and revolts occurred
throughout Asia.
•Economic and religious issues, not
nationalism, generally were the focus of
resistance.
Who fought Colonialism?
•Monarchs fought the foreign rule.
•Peasants fought against foreign rule. University of Rangoon
•Educated “westernized” people based became a center of
upon nationalism. colonial resistance

8. Section 2: Empire Building in
Africa
Section 2 Empire Building in Africa
• European control over Africa began with British annexations in West Africa.
•After 1880, great power rivalries prompted France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium,
and Italy to begin seeking territory in Africa.
•In Egypt, an Ottoman army officer named Muhammad Ali set up an independent
state and began modernizing the country.
•Great Britain's interest in the Suez Canal led to Egypt's establishment as a British
protectorate.
•Belgium and France staked claims to lands around the Congo River in central
Africa, while Germany, despite the reluctance of Bismarck, claimed territories in
West and East Africa.
•British involvement in southern Africa led to the Boer War against the descendants
of seventeenth-century Dutch settlers, and then to the establishment of the Union
of South Africa.
•Resentment of the colonial powers led to the emergence of nationalist
movements, especially as a new class of educated middle-class Africans began to
point to the hypocrisy and discriminatory nature of colonial rule.

9. Colonialism in Africa
•Prior European
involvement in Africa
was limited to coasts
•Africa is completely
carved up between
1880 and 1900
•Desire for prestige,
raw materials,
strategic lands drove
imperialism
•African efforts to resist
colonization are met
with European military
might
•Sudan, 1898:
• Muslim deaths:
11,000
• British deaths:
28

10. Section 2: Colonialism in Africa
North Central East South
• Egypt, controlled by the • Dr. Livingston • Britain and • Most heavily
Ottoman Empire explored and when Germany influenced by
(Muhammad Ali). he disappeared, the controlled. Europeans.
• Ferdinand de Lesseps NY Times sent • Portugal and • Boers (decedents of
contracted to build the Henry Stanley to Belgium also the Dutch people
Suez Canal by 1869. find him. “Dr. colonized the area. AKA Afrikaners)
• 1914: Egypt was a British Livingston I • British started to take
protectorate. presume.” over control from the
• French controlled Algeria, • Belgium colonized Boers.
Tunisia & Morocco. at the urging of • Boers fought the Zulu
Stanley. with Shaka as their
• The Congo was leader.
the area controlled • Cecil Rhodes: British,
by Belgium gold/diamond,
Rhodesia named
after him, began the
Boer War.

11. Colonialism in South Africa
•Boers (Afrikaners) and British desired
control of strategic area of Africa.
•Fought Boer War from 1899-1902 over area.
•Zulu people also resisted colonialism.
•In 1910, British create independent nation in
South Africa.
British officers during Boer War
•As in Asia, many Africans disliked colonial
rule.
•Native Africans rarely were involved in
governing their own nations.
The flag of African Nationalism
•New organizations devoted to African
Nationalism grew in early 1900s.

12. Section 3: British Rule in India
Section 3 British Rule in India
•The British controlled India through the British East India Company, which had its
own forts and soldiers.
•A revolt led by Indian soldiers prompted the British government to appoint a
British viceroy to rule the country.
•The British developed India economically—building railroads and creating an
education system for the upper class.
•Indians paid a high price for British rule. British manufactured goods destroyed
local industries.
•The abuses of tax collectors and the superior British attitude and lifestyle caused
many Indians to resent the British.
•The Indian National Congress, made up mostly by Hindus, led calls for reform.
•A Muslim League was later formed to represent Muslim concerns. The most
prominent Indian leader was Mohandas Gandhi, a Western-educated lawyer
who advocated nonviolent resistance as a way to gain independence. Tense
relations with the British led to an Indian cultural revival.

13. The Sepoy Mutiny
•British controlled their economic interests in
India through East Indian Company.
•Indian soldiers known as „Sepoy‟s‟ revolted in
1857 due to a religious misunderstanding.
•As a result, British Parliament transfers
control of India directly to British government.
A portrait depicting The Sepoy Mutiny
British Colonial Rule in India
•British ruled directly though viceroy
and civil service.
•British set up school system, and
developed infrastructure.
•Peace and stability at cost of
freedom and rights for Indian people.
British officers in India

14. Sec 3: Colonial Rule in India
Benefits Costs
• Brought order & stability • Lost economic power to
• New School system foreigners
• Railroads, telegraph & postal • British textiles put women out of
service established. work.
• Zimandars collect taxes, abused
power
• Cash crops instead of food crops.
• Best of everything given to
Britons.
• Indians never considered equals.

15. Indian Nationalism
•Indian nationalists work
towards reforms of British
system.
•Eventually nationalists
push for ouster of British
completely.
•Lawyer Mohandas
Gandhi is leader.
•Group uses nonviolent
resistance to push for Indian nationalist
independence. Mohandas Gandhi

16. Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America
Section 4 Nation Building in Latin America
•After the Napoleonic Wars, Spanish and Portuguese authority in Latin America
became weak.
•A slave revolt in Hispaniola was the first of many successful bids for
independence.
•Many Europeans favored the restoration of Spanish control, but the American
Monroe Doctrine and British naval power discouraged European intervention.
•Caudillos, or strong leaders backed by military force, took power throughout Latin
America.
•American settlers in the Mexican state of Texas gained independence and, later,
American statehood.
•Great Britain, and later the United States, became the dominant foreign power in
Latin America
•. In the Spanish-American War, the United States gained control of Cuba and
Puerto Rico. American investment and military intervention in Latin America grew.
•Revolution in Mexico produced a new reformist constitution.
•However, the new professional sector in Latin American society was generally
conservative and allied itself with landholding elites.

17. Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America.
Peninsulares: Top Mexico Haiti Cuba S.America
social class. Spanish
& Portuguese Miguel Hidalgo Originally War with the Jose de San Martin
officials. Temporary (priest), Sept. called US in 1898, (Argentina) Simon
16, 1810 Hispaniola, the US Bolivar (Venezuela) led
residence. Mestizos rose revolt led by received revolts to free S.
Creoles: First up against Francois- Puerto Rico in American countries
generation from Spanish, but Dominique the deal. 1903 from control of Spain
Europeans. Wanted were crushed. Toussaint- US supported and Portugal.
equality. Wanted Agustin de Louverture a rebellion By 1824 Peru,
everything to be „free‟ Iturbide, where slaves from Colombia Uruguay, Paraguay,
(press, trade etc.) became rose up to take that gave the Colombia, Venezuela,
Emperor of control. First US the Argentina, Bolivia &
Mestizos: Largest Mexico in 1822 independent Chile we free of Spain.
social group, Indian Panama
state in Latin Canal. 1822 Brazil was free
& European blood. America. from Portugal.
worked as servants
or laborers.

18. Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America
• Ideals of American Revolution spur others in
Latin America to seek independence.
•Local people in Mexico and Bolivia revolt Toussaint-
against their colonial masters. Louverture
•Haitian Toussaint-Louverture leads successful
slave revolt casting French out.
of Haiti
•U.S. issues Monroe Doctrine to keep
European nations out of Latin America.
•U.S. makes effort to keep friendly
leaders in power.
•Revolutionary Emiliano Zapata rallies
peasants to overthrow Mexican
government in 1920.
Mexican revolutionary
Emiliano Zapata

19. Review of Imperialism