Capital Structure

1. Name: Kameshwari
Reg No: PG20153
Assignment -2
Capital Structure of Clinical Research Organisations
What is Capital Structure?
Capital structure refers to the amount of debt and/or equity employed by a firm to fund its operations and
finance its assets. A firm’s capital structure is typically expressed as a debt-to-equity or debt-to-capital
ratio.
Debt and equity capital are used to fund a business’s operations, capital expenditures, acquisitions, and
other investments. There are tradeoffs firms have to make when they decide whether to use debt or equity
to finance operations, and managers will balance the two to find the optimal capital structure.

2. Optimal capital structure
The optimal capital structure of a firm is often defined as the proportion of debt and equity that results in
the lowest weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the firm. This technical definition is not always
used in practice, and firms often have a strategic or philosophical view of what the ideal structure should
be.
In order to optimize the structure, a firm can issue either more debt or equity. The new capital that’s
acquired may be used to invest in new assets or may be used to repurchase debt/equity that’s currently
outstanding, as a form of recapitalization.

3. Dynamics of debt and equity
Below is an illustration of the dynamics between debt and equity from the view of investors and the firm.
Debt investors take less risk because they have the first claim on the assets of the business in the event
of bankruptcy. For this reason, they accept a lower rate of return and, thus, the firm has a lower cost of
capital when it issues debt compared to equity.
Equity investors take more risk, as they only receive the residual value after debt investors have been
repaid. In exchange for this risk, investors expect a higher rate of return and, therefore, the implied cost
of equity is greater than that of debt.
Cost of capital
A firm’s total cost of capital is a weighted average of the cost of equity and the cost of debt, known as
the weighted average cost of capital (WACC).

4. The formula is equal to:
WACC = (E/V x Re) + ((D/V x Rd) x (1 – T))
Where:
E = market value of the firm’s equity (market cap)
D = market value of the firm’s debt
V = total value of capital (equity plus debt)
E/V = percentage of capital that is equity
D/V = percentage of capital that is debt
Re = cost of equity (required rate of return)
Rd = cost of debt (yield to maturity on existing debt)
T = tax rate
Capital structure by industry
Capital structures can vary significantly by industry. Cyclical industries like mining are often not suitable
for debt, as their cash flow profiles can be unpredictable and there is too much uncertainty about their
ability to repay the debt.
Other industries, like banking and insurance, use huge amounts of leverage and their business models
require large amounts of debt.
Private companies may have a harder time using debt over equity, particularly small businesses which are
required to have personal guarantees from their owners.
How to recapitalize a business
A firm that decides they should optimize their capital structure by changing the mix of debt and equity
has a few options to effect this change.
Methods of recapitalization include:
1. Issue debt and repurchase equity
2. Issue debt and pay a large dividend to equity investors

5. 3. Issue equity and repay debt
Each of these three methods can be an effective way of recapitalizing the business.
In the first approach, the firm borrows money by issuing debt and then uses all of the capital to repurchase
shares from its equity investors. This has the effect of increasing the amount of debt and decreasing the
amount of equity on the balance sheet.
In the second approach, the firm will borrow money (i.e., issue debt) and use that money to pay a one-
time special dividend, which has the effect of reducing the value of equity by the value of the divided.
This is another method of increasing debt and reducing equity.
In the third approach, the firm moves in the opposite direction and issues equity by selling new shares,
then takes the money and uses it to repay debt. Since equity is costlier than debt, this approach is not
desirable and often only done when a firm is overleveraged and desperately needs to reduce its debt.
Tradeoffs between debt and equity
There are many tradeoffs that owners and managers of firms have to consider when determining their
capital structure. Below are some of the tradeoffs that should be considered.
Pros and cons of equity:
 No interest payments
 No mandatory fixed payments (dividends are discretionary)
 No maturity dates (no capital repayment)
 Has ownership and control over the business
 Has voting rights (typically)
 Has a high implied cost of capital
 Expects a high rate of return (dividends and capital appreciation)
 Has last claim on the firm’s assets in the event of liquidation
 Provides maximum operational flexibility

6. Pros and cons of debt:
 Has interest payments (typically)
 Has a fixed repayment schedule
 Has first claim on the firm’s assets in the event of liquidation
 Requires covenants and financial performance metrics that must be met
 Contains restrictions on operational flexibility
 Has a lower cost than equity
 Expects a lower rate of return than equity
Capital structure in mergers and acquisitions (M&A)
When firms execute mergers and acquisitions, the capital structure of the combined entities can often
undergo a major change. Their resulting structure will depend on many factors, including the form of the
consideration provided to the target (cash vs shares) and whether existing debt for both companies is left
in place or not.
For example, if Elephant Inc. decides to acquire Squirrel Co. using its own shares as the form of
consideration, it will increase the value of equity capital on its balance sheet. If, however, Elephant Inc.
uses cash (which is financed with debt) to acquire Squirrel Co., it will have increased the amount of debt
on its balance sheet.
Determining the pro forma capital structure of the combined entity is a major part of M&A financial
modeling. The screenshot below shows how two companies are combined and recapitalized to produce
an entirely new balance sheet.

7. Conclusion
In clinical Research Industry Project financing techniques allow for a quantitative determination of the
cost of capital for different stages of drug development. This financial structure could be employed to
finance trials for rare tumors.
The estimation of effect sizes in quantitative analysis requires the presence of t-statistics. However, after
the evaluation of data, 30 studies were excluded due to zero p-values, which make it impossible to infer
the corresponding t-statistics by all means. In other words, 30 studies with statistically significant results
were omitted from the analysis.