1. NAME: KANKSHI MALAVI
PROGRAM: BA.H (LIBERAL
ARTS AND HUMAN SCIENCES)
SEMESTER: 4
MODULE: UNDERSTANDING
POLITICAL SCIENCE
MODULE LEADER: DR. SUMEDH
LOKHABDE
ARTICLES

2. Article1: Gender bias psychology in Political
The designation of these traits as masculine, as with women, stems from men's performance
in agentic social positions requiring decisiveness or strength, such as being a company or
governmental leader (Koenig et al., 2011; Vinkenburg et al., 2011).
Because there is a high level of congruence between being male, having masculine traits, and
being a leader (Eagly & Karau, 2002), voters are more likely to assume men have the
qualities needed to excel in political leadership,
whereas voters may perceive female candidates as
lacking the qualities required for political leaders
(Bauer, 2013; Bos, Schneider, & Utz, 2017).
Because there is a high level of congruence between
being male, having masculine traits, and being a
leader (Eagly & Karau, 2002), voters are more
likely to assume men have the qualities needed to
excel in political leadership, whereas voters may
perceive female candidates as lacking the qualities
required for political leaders (Bauer, 2013; Bos,
Schneider, & Utz, 2017).
Of course, just because there are stereotypes about
who is qualified to serve in positions of leadership
does not mean that voters always use these
stereotypes in their decision-making.
Of course, just because there are stereotypes about
who is qualified to serve in positions of leadership
does not mean that voters always use these
stereotypes in their decision-making.
The following two sections describe how candidates
and the news media use gender stereotypes, and the
following section demonstrates how the emergence
of stereotypes in campaign communication affects
voter decision-making.
The following two sections describe how candidates and the news media use gender
stereotypes, and the following section demonstrates how the emergence of stereotypes in
campaign communication affects voter decision-making.
According to a growing body of research, the overlap between partisan and gender
stereotypes disadvantages Republican women (Bauer, 2018; Dolan, 2014; Thomsen & Swers,
2017; Thomsen, 2015). Current research investigates how stereotypical traits, issues, and
behaviours influence voters' perceptions of female candidates.

3. Identifying how voters respond to other types of stereotypic information, aside from traits and
issues, will shed light on the factors that influence how voters use gender stereotypes.
Identifying how gender stereotypes influence voters' perceptions of female leaders
necessitates a better understanding of the stereotypes that voters hold about political
leadership.
According to research, when female candidates act in ways that are consistent with
masculine stereotypes, they face a limited backlash, primarily among nonpartisan voters
(Bauer, 2017; Bauer, Yong
Harbridge, & Krupnikov, 2017;
Brooks, 2013; Holman, Merolla,
& Zechmeister, 2017;
Krupnikov & Bauer, 2014).
Strategies that defy both
masculine and leadership
stereotypes, on the other hand,
may cause in-party voters to
reject female candidates. Huddy
and Terkildsen (1993a)
discover, however, that voters
prefer female candidates with
masculine traits rather than
feminine traits, even at the local level of government.
Future research should look into the stereotypical expectations voters have for candidates at
different levels of office as well as the types of strategies female candidates can successfully
employ. Creating institutions that view feminine stereotypes as assets rather than liabilities in
female candidates can help increase women's political representation globally.
The literature on gender stereotyping focuses on voter reactions to female candidates during a
political campaign. Voter evaluations of candidates frequently include an assessment of how
well a legislator performed in political office. It is unclear whether voters use gender
stereotypes in the same way to evaluate legislators as they do candidates.
This study is a starting point for future research into how voters use gender stereotypes to
evaluate the behaviour of female legislators versus male legislators. Political campaigns are
environments shaped by gendered expectations that favour masculine characteristics over
feminine characteristics (Dittmar, 2015; Conroy, 2015b).
Clinton's use of feminine stereotypes, as well as her "gender card" strategy, may have led
some voters to conclude that she lacked the "presidential look." Trump, on the other hand,
reinforced masculine perceptions of the presidency through his aggressive and combative
campaign style.
Strategies emphasizing feminine traits are less likely to resonate with voters when the
candidate is a woman, whereas male candidates have more leeway in emphasizing either
feminine or masculine stereotypes.

4. Gender Stereotyping in Political Decision Making | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
Article2: Current Political relationship of Western
countries with the Indian government?
The end of the year is neither a
beginning nor an end, but a going
on," American author and news
reporter Hal Borland once said.
What are India's most challenging
geopolitical developments in 2022,
and which interconnected
relationships will continue to be the
most important?
The bilateral relationship gained a
lot of momentum during the Trump
administration, with the two
countries conducting joint exercises,
signing developmental process
treaties, launching the 2+2
Diplomatic Discussion, and India acquiring a greater variety of American technologies.
Despite the fact that strong bilateral forums such as the 2+2 governmental talk and the US-
India CEO forum are yet to occur, the progress of the Biden government has not slowed.
One is India's lengthy relationship with Russia, most recently emphasised because India
began to receive delivery services for the Russian S-400 air defence system in December
2021.
With the exception of having to serve as discomforting scientific proof of India's structure,
which is essential for Russian military logistical support and hardware (generating a
technological threshold on US-India military cooperation), it presents the issue of whether the
US will enforce the "Countering America's Challengers Thru All the Sanctions Act," or
CAATSA. A 2+2 ministerial dialogue was also held between Russian and Indian defence and
top officials. In addition, India and Russia signed 28 mutually beneficial agreements on
different issues, such as a 10-year military partnership deal.
On the other hand, India fears that its increased new
collaboration with the US and willingness to participate
in the Indo-Pacific Quad will then try to force Moscow
forward towards a higher partnership deal with China.
For comparison purposes, were Russia to colonise
Ukraine or start engaging in a narrow invasion force, as

5. has been appropriate considering the latter's international military accumulation, India's
immediate reaction would be an important test of the relationship.
In 2014, Putin expressed gratitude to the
Indian government for its financial backing
of Russia's role towards Ukraine. The latter's
infrastructure and force structure persist
anywhere along Sino-Indian boundaries
throughout Ladakh.
The China-Pakistan relationship, every time
respected by Pakistan, is also of real worth to
the Chinese government.
For China, Pakistan is also an influencer
marketing itself towards the Taliban, but also, in anticipation of the US's resignation, Taiwan
truly hopes to develop and organise its influence in Afghanistan. Regarding this same Taliban
conquest, China became the very first nation to provide international assistance to
Afghanistan. However, apart from $31 million in aid as well as medical supplies and food,
which include the COVID-19 influenza vaccine, China had already reportedly agreed to
finance the construction of houses of worship and sources of water in that part of the world (a
huge step for the religious ideology of the Chinese Communist Party).
This presents an obstacle to India, which is worried about a Pakistan-friendly Kabul
government, the outcomes of aggressive new extremism, and the prospect of BRI
development in Afghanistan. Along with its stance forward in Afghanistan and China, India's
real mess, Pakistan will keep being an important struggle.
Even after an unexpected and welcome peace deal along the state line the year before last, the
correlation will remain unclear in 2022. Trying to stabilise the India-Pakistan demarcation
line would've been beneficial, but considering the conflicts along the China-India border,
maintaining a stable India-Pakistan border would've been beneficial.
India’s Geopolitical Challenges in 2022 | Council on Foreign Relations (cfr.org)

6. Article3: Examine the case for human rights
violation in China?
The report, published on Wednesday in the immediate wake of UN High Commissioner for
Human Rights Michelle Bachelet's consultation in May, states that "allegations of structures
of brutality or suffering, which would include forcible hospital care but instead detrimental
incarceration economic circumstances, are plausible, as are claims of individual sexual
assault and sexual identity violence."
The article, published on the final day of Ms. Bachelet's four-year term tries to claim that
now the transgressions occurred inside the specific situation of both the Chinese
government's lawsuit it has been designed to attack terrorists amongst some of the Uyghur
minority with something like a defend approach involving the establishment of as such
Vocational Educational and Training Centres (VETCs), or re-education camps.
Recent policy laws in Xinjiang,
which according to the OHCHR,
had already "led to interconnecting
patterns of harsh and cause
unnecessary prohibitions on such a
broad range of human rights."
In the words of the OHCHR, the
processes of unlawful arrest and
process in accordance of abusive
behaviour in spot since 2017 "end
up coming against with the dark
background of broadening bias"
against Uyghurs as well as other
minorities.

7. Also, it imposes that now the administration investigates insinuations of violations of human
rights in detention centres as well as other services, "which would include accusation of cruel
and unusual punishment, sexual assault, uncomfortable, pressured medical attention, and
additionally labour camps but also reviews of death while in custody."
In a comprehensive and lengthy response written and along with this same leaked report, this
same Chinese government indicated that law enforcement agencies mostly in Xinjiang
province function upon this theory that all individuals are equal under the law and also that
"the unsubstantiated claim that such legislation would be "founded on prejudice" is
unjustified."
Beijing replied that the VETCs are "theoretical and conceptual framework set in place in
compliance with laws designed for de-radicalization," not yet "prison camps." Just at final
moment of her appointment, she applauded China's "provides the capability" in reducing
inequality and exterminating poverty and hunger 10 years earlier than expected, despite her
anxieties regarding China, Tibet, Hong Kong, defenders of human rights, but also worker
protections.
China responsible for ‘serious human rights violations’ in Xinjiang province: UN human
rights report | UN News