Detailed phylum

1. Subphylum Hexapoda
Presented By Kanwal Nisa

2. Hexapoda
The most successful Land Animal
UNIQUENESS
• 3 Pairs of Leg
• 2 Pair of wings
• 1 Pair of antennae
Beetle insect

3. Three Tagmata
• Head
• Thorax
• Abdomen
Head are not divided but thorax are
divided into different parts
Division of thorax
• Prothorax
• Mesothorax
• Metathorax

4. Speciation of Each Tagma
 Eye ,Antenna /mouth pats and ocelli
 Pairs of leg on each segments
 2 pairs of wings at later sigmets
 2 pair of spiracles
 10 or 11abdominal segments,spiracles
per segments
 Gentical & sensory sturture is called
ceric

5. INSECTS FLIGHTS
 Wings may have evolued form the
rigids,lateral outgrowth of the thorax that
probably protected the legs or spiracles.
 Lateral these fixed lobes could have been
used in gliding form the top of tall plants to
the forest floor.
 The ability of the wings to flap, title and
fold back over the body porbably came
lateral.
Hypothesis on the origin of Flights

6. Requirements of flights
 Thermoregulation abilities
 Relatively high body temperature
 25C or greater,are needed for flights muscles to
contract raplidly enough for flights.

7. Direct /synshronous flights
 Direct flight muscles are found in all insects and are used to control the wing during
flight.
 However, in insects such as dragonflies and cockroaches, direct flight muscles are used
to power flight too.
 The wings pivot up and down around a single pivot point.
 The wings are raised by a contraction of muscles attached to the base of the The wings
are then brought down by a contraction of muscles that attach to the wing outside of the
pivot point.

9. Indirect flight muscles
 Indirect flight muscles are found in more advanced insects such as true flies.
 indirect flight muscles are connected to the upper (tergum) and lower (sternum)
surfaces of the insect thorax.
 A second set of muscles attach to the front and back of the thorax.
 The wings are raised by the muscles attached to the upper and lower surface of the
thorax contracting.
 This brings the top surface of the thorax down and, along with it, the base of the wings.
 The wings are then lowered by a contraction of the muscles attached to the front and
rear of the thorax
 This forces the upper surface of the thorax to raise and the wings pivot downwards.