The document outlines the three mental operations of reasoning: simple apprehension, judgment, and reasoning. Simple apprehension is grasping a thing without affirming or denying it. Judgment is joining two apprehended terms and affirming or denying them. Reasoning is drawing a conclusion from a set of valid premises. It then provides examples and structural features of each operation.

1. The Three Mental Operations Exploring the Epistemic Foundations of the Science of Correct Reasoning

4. Simple Apprehension A PROCEDURE WHERE THE MIND GRASPS A THING WITHOUT AFFIRMING OR DENYING IT. qualities SENSE EXPERIENCE external internal COMMON SENSE, MEMORY, IMAGINATION, ESTIMATIVE FACULTY he Acts of the Mind T

5. Simple Apprehension IDEA – internal product IDEOGENESIS – birth of an idea ABSTRACTION Stripping off accidents to arrive at being. - Physical, Mathematical, Metaphysical TERM – expressed product he Acts of the Mind T q1 q2 q3 External sense Internal sense Idea Term

6. TREE COCONUT Tree Coconut ideas Terms Material sign Formal sign Intellectual image/representation of an essence; the building blocks knowledge. Word; sensible conventional signs expressive of an idea.

7. Judgment THE ACT OF THE MIND WHERE TWO APPREHENDED TERMS ARE JOINED THEN AFFIRMED OR DENIED. Materially expressed: spoken/written IDENTITY NON-IDENTITY he Acts of the Mind T

9. Reasoning THE ACT OF THE MIND WHERE WE DRAW A CONCLUSION FROM A GIVEN SET OF VALIDLY DRAWN PREMISES. THE MIND PROCEEDS TO CERTAIN KNOWLEDGE BY WAY OF INFERENCE. he Acts of the Mind T

11. A, B, C ideas A is B. proposition A is B. C is A. : C is B. syllogism

12. The Acts of the Mind and their Features 1 ST ACT 2 ND ACT 3 RD ACT NAME Simple Apprehension Judgment Reasoning MENTAL PRODUCT Concept Mental Sentence Argument LINGUISTIC EXPRESSION Term Declarative Sentences Paragraph EXAMPLES “ Man”, “Mortal” Socrates is a man. All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. STRUCTURAL PARTS None, unitary Subject Term, Predicate Term Premises, Conclusion QUESTION ANSWERED What it is. Whether it is. Why it is. ASPECT OF REALITY Essence Existence Cause GOOD WHEN Clear True Valid HOW TO ACHIEVE Definition of terms No one way. Rules of Logic BAD WHEN Unclear False Invalid, Fallacious QUESTION TO HABITUALLY ASK What do you mean? (Define your terms) What is your point? (State your conclusion.) Why? (Prove it)