The presentation gives a good idea of the evolution of terrorism, from conventional to CBRN warfare.

1. TERRORISM AND CBRN
WARFARE: STUDY OF EVOLVING
THREATS OF TERRORISM AND
STRATEGIC RESPONSES

2. CONTENT OF THE PAPER
1. Introduction
2. Newly Emerged Forms of Terrorism
3. WORLD versus TERRORISM
4. Preventive and Mitigating Measures against Radicalization and Terrorism
5. Conclusion
© 2018 Kartik Kachhawah

3. Introduction
 The word terrorism is derived from French word “terrorisme” which was first used in 1795 during Reign of
Terror in France. Later, in English, it was first used in the year 1798 in reference to Irish Rebellion.
 The earliest known organizations which exhibited the modus operandi of modern terrorist organizations
were Sicarii.
 Definition- Terrorism is the use of violence to create fear (i.e., terror, psychic fear) for (1) political,
(2) religious, or (3) ideological reasons (ideologies are systems of belief derived from worldviews
that frame human social and political conditions). The terror is intentionally aimed at
noncombatant targets (i.e., civilians or iconic symbols), and the objective is to achieve the greatest
attainable publicity for a group, cause, or individual. The meaning of terrorism is socially
constructed.
© 2018 Kartik Kachhawah

4. Waves of Terrorism (Timeline classification)
 Key elements of the definition
1. Use of Violent force
2. Is aimed intimidate victims
3. Indiscriminate targets
4. Seriously destabilizing or
destroying the fundamental
political, constitutional, economic
or social structures of a country
or an international organization.
Anarchist
Wave
Nationalist
Wave
New
Left/Marxist
Wave
Religious
Wave
1870s-1920s 1920s-1960s 1960s-1980s
Late 1970s to
today and
beyond
© 2018 Kartik Kachhawah

5. Effects of Terrorism
The society develops
a sense of
victimhood. Under
such situation the
society develops
negative stereotypes
against a particular
sect of people.
Another social effect
of terrorism is
xenophobia.
Social
Effects
The cost of Security
measures against
terrorism is
extremely high and it
critically hinders the
economic process of
developing nations.
Developed nations
can afford the cost
of preventing
terrorism on
account of their
economic stability
Econo
mical
Effects
Major terrorist
attacks have a
tendency to
affect electoral
outcomes,
stability of
government and
political crisis
Political
Effects
The effects of terrorist
activities are
dependent on the
factors such type of
attack, causalities,
nature of victims,
terrorist agenda, and
personals involved,
etc
Cultural
and
Religious
Effects
© 2018 Kartik Kachhawah

6. Newly Emerging Forms of Terrorism
• Conventional Forms of
terrorism:
1. Political Terrorism
2. Pathological Terrorism
3. Single Issue terrorism
• Non- Conventional forms of
Terrorism
1. Chemical Terrorism
2. Biological Terrorism
3. Cyber-Terrorism
4. Nuclear and Radiological
Terrorism
© 2018 Kartik Kachhawah

7. Political Terrorism
 Ideological Terrorism: Ideological Terrorist pursues a set of ideal and they firmly believe in a rigid implementation of
such Ideals. This form of terrorism is quite similar to Religio-Political terrorism when it comes to religious fundamentalism.
Right-wing extremists are the best examples of this type of terrorists.
 Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism: These terrorist groups strive to achieve National Independence and separate state from the
existing Nation. Such kind of terrorist groups are formed on account of the cultural difference with other groups and
intense conflict with State. Their main objectives are to overcome collective disadvantage, establish or regain political
autonomy and to resist State Control.
 Religio-Political Terrorism: This is the most common form of terrorism. These kinds of terrorist groups over religious
fundamentalism. They conceive other sects of folks as their sworn enemies.
 International Terrorism: International Terrorism is the worst form of terrorism. International terrorist groups have their
network in targeted nations. © 2018 Kartik Kachhawah

8.  Pathological Terrorism is a form of
terrorism in which terrorists derive
pleasure by committing acts of terror.
These types of terrorists act solo rather
than in a group. They exhibit sadistic
and deviated behavior.
 Modern Terrorism can be classified on the weapon and mode of execution employed by
Terrorists.
 “The new technologies of terror and their increasing availability, along with the increasing
mobility of terrorists, raise chilling prospects of vulnerability to chemical, biological, and
other kinds of attacks.”
 Single Issue Terrorism is a newly emerged
form of terrorism wherein, terrorists act in
pursuance of agendas such as animal rights,
environmental protection and fight against
abortion.
© 2018 Kartik Kachhawah

9. Non-conventional forms of Terrorism
1. Bio-Terrorism –
“Bio-Terrorism is an intentional use of an infectious agent (e.g.,
microorganism, virus, infectious substance, or biological product)
to cause death or disease in humans or other organisms in order to
negatively influence the conduct of government or intimidate a
population.”
 Classification of Bio agents –
 Category A: These agents of Bioterrorism are highly
lethal and communicable. They have very high mortality
rates and therefore, have maximum damage on the civil
population.
 Category B: These agents fall one level below
Category B agents in terms of lethality. emerging bio-
threats.
 Category C: They are considered as emerging bio-
threats.
2. Chemical Terrorism-
 Chemical Terrorism is not much different from
Bioterrorism as they both employ the use of
BCW (Biological and Chemical Weapons).
Chemical terrorism is the intentional use of
chemicals or biologically derived toxins as
weapons to cause significant damage to human
health and to the environment.
3. Cyber-Terrorism
 Cyber Terrorism can be defined as- “the use of
computer network tools to shut down critical
national infrastructures (e.g., energy,
transportation, government operations) or to
coerce or intimidate a government or civilian
population.
© 2018 Kartik Kachhawah

10. 4. Nuclear Terrorism
 Nuclear Terrorism is prospectively the most serious and unimaginably
destructive form of terrorism. U.N defined nuclear terrorism as- “an
offense committed if a person unlawfully and intentionally “uses in any
way radioactive material with the intent to cause death or serious bodily
injury; or with the intent to cause substantial damage to property or to
the environment; or with the intent to compel a natural or legal person,
an international organization or a State to do or refrain from doing an
act.” Based on the definition, three forms of Nuclear Terrorism are
classified:
 Detonation of a nuclear bomb which is either stolen or self
made;
 Sabotage of a nuclear facility causing a large nuclear meltdown;
and
 Proliferation of Radioactive material using dispersal devises such
as “dirty bombs”.
© 2018 Kartik Kachhawah

11. World versus Terrorism
•The most dominant feature of terrorism is
that that it is against all forms of humanity.
Therefore, it must be dealt by global
coordination. Terrorism was first introduced
as a threat to the global community in 1934
by League of Nations. However, the first
effective convention against terrorism came
into existence in 1963 when Aircraft
Convention came into force.
•U.N. has enacted 14 conventions for
countering terrorism. However, most of
these conventions are regarding safety in
Civil Aviation.
1. Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts
Committed On Board Aircraft, 1963 (Tokyo
Convention)
2. Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure
of Aircraft, 1970 (Hague Convention)
3. Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts
Against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 1971 (Sabotage
Convention or Montreal Convention)
4. Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts
Relating to International Civil Aviation, 2010 (Beijing
Convention)
5. Protocol Supplementary to the Convention for the
Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, 2010
(Beijing Protocol)
© 2018 Kartik Kachhawah

12. Continue…
The major development tool place in year
2005, when substantive changes were
made in three U.N conventions to counter
terrorism as on 8th July of, Nations
adopted the Amendments to the
Convention on the Physical Protection of
Nuclear Material, on 14th October
amendments were made in Protocol of
2005 to the Convention for the
Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the
Safety of Maritime Navigation and to the
Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful
Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms
Located on the Continental Shelf.
© 2018 Kartik Kachhawah

13. Preventive and Mitigating Measures
•International Convention against the Taking of Hostages
•This convention was adopted in 1979 for the protection of hostages and
came into force in 1983. It has total 174 members.
•Convention on the Making of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of
Detection
•This convention is a multilateral anti-terrorism treaty for the prohibition
of the use, manufacture, and storage of illegal Plastic explosives. It was
adopted in Montreal in the year 1991 and came into effect in the year
1998. It has 153 members.
•International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings
•The Terrorist Bombing Convention was adopted in the year 1997 and
came into effect in 2001. It is ratified by 168 Parties. As per this
convention illegal and intentional bombings are forbidden. There is no
bar to the jurisdiction of this convention.
•International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of
Terrorism
•This convention was drafted in 1999 and it became effective in 2002. It is
ratified by 187 parties. This convention criminalizes terrorist financing. It
commits the parties to freeze and seize monetary assets of identified
nations which are responsible for terrorist funding.
 Further. U.N. fights terrorism
by the way of General Assembly
Resolutions, Security Council,
Counter-Terrorism Committee
(CTC), Counter-Terrorism
Implementation Task Force
(CTITF) and Human Rights
regimes. CTITF, International
legal instruments (United
Nations 2017)
© 2018 Kartik Kachhawah

14. Continue…
Identification and mitigation of the major
factors behind Terrorisms. Major causes for
terrorism include poverty, marginalization,
social stratification, religious uproar,
political disintegration, disgruntled and
disaffected intelligentsia and separatism.
On the religious front, extreme
fundamentalism has been identified as a
major motivation behind terrorist activities.
terrorism can be eliminated through
political stabilization and balanced socio-
economic order.
 Terrorism can be mitigated through de-
radicalization. Radicalization is one of the root
causes of terrorism as it is socialization to
extremism which manifests itself into terrorism.
Radicalization operates at three levels i.e. Individual
Radicalization, Group Radicalization and
Radicalization of Masses and all of them are
motivated by different reasons.
 Prison programmes, Education, Promoting alliance
of civilizations and inter-cultural dialogue, Tackling
economic and social inequalities, etc.
© 2018 Kartik Kachhawah

15. Continue…
The primary ways to tackle non-conventional
terrorism is to enact laws and spread public
awareness. Further, such terrorism can be tackled
by Detection and Surveillance.
Non-Conventional terrorism is dependent on the
availability of resources such as Biological agents,
chemical agents and nuclear material. These
materials and agents must be kept in total
confinement and be transported with maximum
security. CBRNE Terrorism can be tackled by
public awareness as well participation of state
authorities. Nations must keep a reserved a
special tasked force to deal with CBRNE
Terrorist attacks.
 As far as Nuclear Terrorism is concerned, nations
must commit to stringent nuclear policies,
implement effective and sustainable security and
keep check and balance of large funding.
 Further, Nations must strictly adhere to Treaty on
the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons and
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
© 2018 Kartik Kachhawah

16. Thank You...
Presented by: Kartik K. (LLM)
Gujarat National Law University
© 2018 Kartik Kachhawah