Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages

Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
1
Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing
Tendons and their Anchorages
Katarzyna ZDANOWICZ, M.Sc.
Leibniz Universität Hannover
Institut für Massivbau

FRP tendons: properties
CFRP GFRP* BFRP** AFRP Steel tendons
Tensile strength [MPa] 1800 – 2500 400 – 1600 1100 – 1350 1200 – 2100 1700 – 1900
E-modulus [GPa] 137 – 150 30 – 60 45 – 70 60 – 70 195
Ultimate strain [-] 0.013 – 0.017 0.012 – 0.037 0.022 – 0.030 0.015 – 0.037 0.05 – 0.10
Density [kg/m³] 1500 – 1700 1700 – 2100 2000 – 2200 1200 – 1400 7850
** GFRP tendons are not accepted by all standards
*** BFRP tendons are in testing phase and are not included in any standards for prestressing
1x7 (φ12.5 mm)
1x37 (φ40 mm)
BFRP [RockBar, MagmaTech]CFRP [CFCC, TokyoRope] CFRP [Leadline, Mitsubishi]

FRP tendons: durability issues
CFRP
GFRP
SEM images, 3000x
NaOH
solution,
28 days
Source: Sim, Park et al. 2005

FRP tendons: applications
 1980: 7 m span bridge, Lünen’sche Gasse
in Düsseldorf, prestressed with 12 GFRP tendons
 1983: AFRP prestressing tendons in the posts of a
noise barriers along highways (Netherlands)
 1988: the first bridge worldwide prestressed only
with FRPs (CFCC; 24 girders), Shinmiya Bridge (Japan)
 1991: Ludwigshafen, the first road bridge
prestressed with CFRP tendons: 85 m long,
4 CFRP tendons used with steel tendons
 2001: the Bridge Street Bridge (Michigan,
USA) – the first structure completely reinforced
with carbon FRP reinforcement

FRP tendons: applications
façade beams, poles, hexagonal marine structures
Source:
Karbhari 1998,
Terrasi 2012

FRP tendons: codes and standards
• Japan:
– Recommendation for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures Using
Continuous Fibre Reinforcing Materials, Japanese Society of Civil Engineers,
1995
• Canada:
– CAN/CSA S6-00 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code, 2000 (2014)
– CAN/CSA S806-02 Design and Construction of Building Components
with Fibre-Reinforced Polymers, 2002 (2012)
– Design Manual Prestressing Concrete Structures with Fibre Reinforced
Polymers, The Canadian Network of Centres of Excellence on Intelligent
Sensing for Innovative Structures (ISIS), 2007
• USA:
– ACI 440.4R-04, Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP Tendons, 2004
(2011)

• Europe (fib):
 Bulletin No. 40 FRP reinforcement in RC structures (2007):
“it was decided not to include design approaches
for prestressed concrete members”
 Model Code 2010 for Concrete Structures (2013):
“The prestressing tendons considered in
this Model Code are made either
of prestressing steel [...]
or of FRP materials.”
FRP tendons: codes and standards

FRP tendons: permissible tendon stresses
CAN/CSA
S806-12
CAN/CSA
S6-14 ACI 440.4R-04
Model Code
2010
at jacking
CFRP 0,70 0,70 0,65 ---
AFRP 0,40 0,40 0,50 ---
GFRP * --- 0,30 --- ---
at transfer
CFRP 0,65 0,65 0,60 0,80
AFRP 0,35 0,35 0,40 0,50
GFRP * -- 0,25 --- 0,30
* – GFRP tendons are permitted only by CAN/CSA S6-14 and Model Code 2010

Anchorages: bond anchorages
Source: Schmidt, Bennitz et al. 2012

Anchorages: HEM (highly expansive material) anchorage
Source: Rohleder et al. 2008
Penobscot Narrows Bridge, Maine, USA (2006)

Anchorages: bond-type anchorage for multiple FRP tendons
Source: Fang et al. 2013
Aizhai Bridge hangers (2012)
Reactive powder concrete
grout as expansive material

Anchorages: bond anchorages
Bond materials:
 epoxy resins,
 mortars (normal or expansive),
 reactive powder concretes
Problems:
 ageing,
 creep,
 maintenance,
 long-term performance

Anchorages: clamp anchorages
Source: Burningham et al. 2014
 suitable when there are neither
special aesthetic demands
nor necessity of compact devices,
 possibility to differentiate
the torque for each row
of the bolts

Anchorages: transverse strength problem

Anchorages: transverse strength problem
end of anchorage

Anchorages: sleeve-wedge anchorages
Source: Schmidt, Smith et al. 2011
Sleeve:
 usually aluminium or cooper,
 uniform distribution of radial
compressive stresses around
the tendon circumference

Anchorages: integrated sleeve-wedge anchorages
Source: Schmidt et al. 2010, 2011
 consisting of one piece
with a gap and two slits
 grips the tendon both
circumferentially
and longitudinally

Anchorages: gradient anchorages
Source: Meier 2012

Anchorages: gradient anchorages
Source: Meier 2012
 Elasticity modulus
modified through
combination of
aluminum oxide ceramic
(Al2O3) granules and
epoxy resin
 Stork Bridge in
Winterthur, Switzerland
(1996)

Anchorages: CFCC anchorages
Source: CFCC Manual 2014

FRP materials: economical issues
Source: Lux Research, Inc. Report

Conclusions
Research areas:
 anchorages, which will not induce
too large transverse stresses on the tendons,
 prestressing devices and procedures
 deviators to shape the
tendon profile without
any damage risks
 relaxation and
long-term behaviour

24
Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing
Tendons and their Anchorages
Katarzyna ZDANOWICZ, M.Sc.
Leibniz Universität Hannover
Institut für Massivbau
Thank you
for your attention!

References
ACI 440.4R-04, 2004 (2011): ACI 440.4R-04 Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP Tendons.
Burningham, C.; Pantelides, C.; Reaveley, L. (2014): New unibody clamp anchors for posttensioning carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer rods.
In: PCI Journal 59 (1), S. 103–113.
Fang, Z.; Zhang, K.; Tu, B. (2013): Experimental investigation of a bond-type anchorage system for multiple FRP tendons.
In: Engineering Structures 57, S. 364–373.
Fédération international du béton (fib) (2013): fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010. Berlin.
Karbhari, V. M. (1998): WTEC study on use of composite materials in civil infrastructure in Japan. Baltimore: International Technology Research
Institute World Technology (WTEC) Division.
Meier, U. (2012): Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Cables. Why? Why Not? What If? In: Arab J Sci Eng 37 (2), S. 399–411.
JSCE-CS23, 1997: Recommendation for design and construction of concrete structures using continuous fiber reinforcing materials.
Rohleder, W. J.; Tang, B.; Doe, T. A.; Grace, N. F.; Burgess, Ch. J. (2008): CFRP Strand Application on Penobscot Narrows Cable Stayed Bridge.
In: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 17 (2050), S. 169–176.
CAN/CSA S6-14, 2014: S6-14 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code.
CAN/CSA S806-12, 2012: S806-12 Design and construction of building structures with fibre-reinforced polymers.
Schmidt, J. W.; Bennitz, A.; Täljsten, B.; Goltermann, P.; Pedersen, H. (2012): Mechanical anchorage of FRP tendons – A literature review.
In: Construction and Building Materials 32, S. 110–121.
Schmidt, J. W.; Smith, S. T.; Täljsten, B.; Bennitz, A.; (2011): Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of an Integrated Sleeve-Wedge
Anchorage for CFRP Rods. In: J. Compos. Constr. 15 (3)
Sim, J.; Park, C.; Moon, D. Y. (2005): Characteristics of basalt fiber as a strengthening material for concrete structures.
In: Composites Part B: Engineering 36 (6-7), S. 504–512.
Terrasi, G. P. (2012): Prefabricated Thin-walled Structural Elements Made from High Performance Concrete Prestressed with CFRP Wires.
In: JMSR 2 (1).

Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages

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