2.  Why do we cite?
 3 reasons
 * In case the reader wants to find out more
information (creates community of scholarship)
 To avoid plagiarism (give credit where credit is
due)
 Establish credibility

3.  When do we cite?
 Verbatim quotes
 Paraphrase – using any specific statistic or idea that is not
your own
 How do we cite?
 Parenthetical citation
▪ (Smith, 2009, p. 23)
 Bibliographic citation
References
Hanson, G., Haridakis, P.M., Cunningham, A.W., Sharma, R., &
Ponder, J.D. (2010). 2008 Presidential campaign: Political
cynicism in the age of Facebook, MySpace and YouTube. Mass
Communication & Society, 13(5), 584-607.

4.  Style is tied to area of study
 MLA – Communication Studies, English, Linguistics,
etc. (Many General Education Classes also use)
 APA – Social Sciences
 Chicago Style - History
 Handbooks provide formatting information
 Library citation guides
 Popular styles for communication studies:
 MLA
 APA
 Chicago Style

5. “Gilliom suggests” is called a
signal phrase. (1994) is the
parenthetical citation.
Gilliom (1994) suggests that acceptance results
from themarks are used to
Quotation careful construction and framing of cut
Use ellipses in brackets when you
out text from the original, or insert text
identify verbatim wording from
issues. Hesource.
the
explains, “By construction, […] I
that was not in the original.
mean the social process of centering public
This is another example of a
attention (which may include the
parenthetical citation. In APA style, use
exaggeration of threats), defining the
a “p.” then include the page number.
Notice the punctuation here.
problem, and prescribing ‘solutions’” (p. 19).
Sample taken from: Simone, M. (2009). Give me liberty and give me surveillance: A case
study of the U.S. Government’s discourse of surveillance. Critical Discourse Studies, 6(1),
1-14.

6. Fairclough (1995) states that critical discourse
Quotes that are 4 lines or more are
analysis indented. Quote marks are not needed
aims to systematically explore often opaque
because the indent signals to the
relationships of causality and adetermination
reader that this section is verbatim
quote.
between (a) discursive practices, events and
texts, and (b) wider social and cultural
structures, relations and processes; to
investigate how such practices, events and
Note the difference in
texts arise out of and are ideologically shaped
punctuation from the
previous example.
by relations of power and struggles over
power. (p. 132)
Sample taken from: Simone, M. (2009). Give me liberty and give me surveillance: A case study of the U.S. Government’s discourse of
surveillance. Critical Discourse Studies, 6(1), 1-14.

7. Despite this recognition that government
In this example, the citations are used
surveillance can threaten civil liberties,
to demonstrate to the reader that this
citizens and their representatives can come
claim can be found in and supported
by the citations listed.
to accept state surveillance as necessary, and
even benign (Regan, 1995; Schrecker, 1998;
Westin, 2003).
Sample taken from: Simone, M. (2009). Give me liberty and give me surveillance: A case
study of the U.S. Government’s discourse of surveillance. Critical Discourse Studies, 6(1),
1-14.

8.  Quoting a quote – option 1
This page
Gastil (2008) quotes Alan Bacan as reporting,from
number is
“’Most information about congressional which is
Gastil, races
the source you
is found in smaller papers. Reporters working
read, not the
the congressional beat tend to be young quoted
source and
new to the profession’” (p. 96). by Gastil, which
you did not
read.

9.  Quoting a quote – option 2
 Alan Bacan reports, “’Most information about
congressional races is found in smaller
papers. Reporters working the congressional
beat tend to be young and new to the
profession’” (as cited by Gastil, 2008, p. 96).

10.  Works cited (MLA) or References (APA)
References
ACLU. (2003, March 20). How Patriot Act II would further erode the basic
checks on government power that keep America safe and free. Retrieved
online March 27, 2003 from
http://www.epic.org/privacy/terrorism/aclupatriot2.3.20.03.doc.
Anderson, B. (2003). Imagined Communities (12th ed.). London: Verso.
Blumer, H. (1972). Symbolic interaction: An approach to human
communication. In R. W. Budd & B. D. Ruben (eds.), Approaches to
Human Communication (pp. 401-419). New York: Spartan.

11. Notice the sources are arranged in alphabetical
References is a hanging indent.
order, and there
ACLU. (2003, March 20). How Patriot Act II would further erode
the basic checks on government power that keep America safe
and free. Retrieved online March 27, 2003 from
http://www.epic.org/privacy/terrorism/aclupatriot2.3.20.03.d
oc. Internet source.
Anderson, B. (2003). Imagined Communities (12th ed.). London:
Verso. Book, beyond 1st edition
Blumer, H. (1972). Symbolic interaction: An approach to human
communication. In R. W. Budd & B. D. Ruben (eds.),
Approaches to Human Communication (pp. 401-419). New
York: Spartan. Book section

12. Foucault, M. (1995) Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison
(A. Sheridan, trans.). New York: Vintage Books.
Translated book.
Graham, P., Keenan, T., and Dowd, A.M. (2004). A call to arms
at the end of history: A discourse-historical analysis of
George W. Bush's Declaration of War on Terror. Discourse &
Society, 15(2-3), 199-221.
Journal article
Haughney, C. (2003, March 28). Protestors in New York stage
‘die-ins’; Hundreds arrested with spread of civil
disobedience. The Washington Post, A1.
Newspaper article