Very few of us know that 73% of the rape victims know the rapists. Moreover, 40% of rapes happen at victim’s home and 20% occur in the homes of familiar people. It turned out that most of us have no idea about the effective precautions needed to protect ourselves from the traumatic experience, because we expect danger from a wrong source. A widespread belief is that one should expect a rapist to sit in the bushes in the park late at night, while the reality is different. My colleague Paulina Grzelak and I were astonished while exploring this topic, as we were quite oblivious to the real situation as well. Therefore, we decided to make a small questionnaire and ask people what they think about rape. This presentation begins with the analysis of what makes a person become a rapist, which is followed by the comparison of the results of the questionnaire with real data. I would be grateful if you shared this presentation as many people need this knowledge. I also want to add that most figures we present come from the States where definition of rape and social situation may differ from ours. Hence, comparing data from the U.S. with opinions from Poland and Ukraine may seem improper. For instance, being forced into sexual contact by husband may not even be recognized as rape in Ukraine, “because it’s his natural right”. And even if a wife admits this fact, social welfare system (which does not exist here, let’s face it) leaves her no option apart from remaining silent, while in the U.S. rape victims are less dependent on family members. Therefore, one has to approach the statistics carefully. Still, we believe that using American data can be justified by the fact that they explore the subject more than any other country.

1. What do we know
about sexual abuse?
Kateryna Kolnogorova
Paulina Grzelak
SWPS, University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Warsaw

2. Contents
• Statistics on sexual violence
• Characteristics of sexual abusers
• Study: What people know about rapists and rape

3. Sexual violence (WHO) — any sexual act,
attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual
comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or
otherwise directed, against a person’s sexuality
using coercion, by any person regardless of their
relationship to the victim, in any setting, including
but not limited to home and work.
(Krug, Dahlberg, Mercy, Zwi, & Lozano, 2002)

4. In some countries (see the WHO report)
1 in 4 women may experience sexual violence
by an intimate partner
1 in 3 of adolescent girls are being forced into
their first sexual experience
(For detailed info see full WHO report — Krug et al. 2002)
Sexual assault, lifetime

5. Sexual assault, lifetime
USA
1 in 7 women over 17 years reported having
been raped in their lifetime
(Krug et al. 2002)

6. (F.B.I. Report.Crime in the United States, 2013) (UNODC report, 2014)
Ukraine
2010
Poland
2012
Reported cases during 1 year
1 sexual assault per 4000 peopleUSA
2013
1 sexual assault per 13 883 people
1 sexual assault per 34 028 people

7. Possible reasons of
low reporting rate
Ukrainian and Polish victims of sexual violence:
• Some don’t consider the incidents as sexual
violence.
• Some don’t trust the police.
• Of course, there can also be lower rates of
sexual abuse in Ukraine and Poland, although
a tendency for more prosperous countries to
have higher rates of sexual abuse seems to
contradict common sense. We found no data
to explore the question deeper.

8. Characteristics
of sexual abusers

9. Factors increasing men’s risk of
committing sexual abuse
• substances
• fantasies
• impulsiveness
• antisocial
• hostility towards
women
• abused as a child
• witnessed family
violence as a child
Individual Relationship Community Societal
• violent peers
• violent family
• patriarchic family
• unsupportive
family
• honor above safety
in family
• poverty
• unemployment
• lack of police
control
• tolerance to sexual
assault in
community
• weak sanctions
• norms support
sexual violence
• norms support
male superiority
and entitlement
• weak laws
• high level of crime
(Krug et al. 2002)

10. …it’s not just one thing that leads up to sex
offenses, it’s a series of decisions and
positions that the offender was in that led to
this point
«
»
Factors
Dr. Tracy Dawyduk
(Inside the Mind of a Sex Offender, www.portagepath.org)

11. (Abel, Gore, Holland, Camp, Becker, & Rathner, 1989; Bumby, 1996; Hanson, Gizzarelli, & Scott, 1994 in CSOM)
• Acts were insignificant
• No violation of somebody’s will
• Victim enjoyed a sexual contact
Cognitive Distortions

12. 1 (Bumby, 2000; Marshall, 1989; Seidman, Marshall, Hudson, & Robertson,1994; Ward, Hudson, Marshall, & Seigert, 1995 in CSOM)
• Communication problems
• Socially isolated
• Have problems in establishing and maintaining any
love relationships1
Or
• Most rape offenders are married or have a partner2
Social and interpersonal skills
2 (State of California Department of Justice, Megan's Law)

13. (Vachon, Lynam, Johnson, 2014)
• Deficit in empathy to the victim
• But may be empathic in general
Empathy

14. (Marshall, 1996 in CSOM)
• May be a factor
• Promoted by movies
• Doesn’t cause sexual offending in most people
History of maltreatment

15. (Elsegood and Duff (2010)
For child molesters:
• Bad at recognizing emotions of adults
• Recognize children’s emotions on the level of other people
=> adults = danger
Emotional incongruence

16. Intoxication
1 in 3 sexual assaults perpetrators was
intoxicated — 30% with alcohol, 4% with drugs.
(RAINN, USA data)

17. Study

18. To explore how realistic the ideas
of people about rapists are
Aim

19. 32 women, 8 men
Age: M = 24, SD = 7.6
Nationalities:
• Polish: 22
• Ukrainian: 6
• Belarussian: 4
• and 1 from each: Finland, Norway, USA, Sweden, France,
Vietnam, Russia and Turkey
75% live in the city over 500 000 inhabitants
Participants

20. We asked questions and compared the answers
to statistics from scientific and official sources.
The questionnaire: http://bit.ly/1L2QFwn

21. Motivation of rape

22. Study (based on the participants’
answers): Motivation of rape
12.5%
87.5%
anger
power, control
Male participants
15.6%
53.1%
31.3% anger
power, control
sexual gratification
Female participants

23. Real (based on scientific evidence):
Motivation of rape
• Power, control
• Sexual desire
Inconsistent evidence about which of the motives
is primary. We believe, they are both present in
most cases of rape (see the first part of this
presentation).

24. Gender of the rapist

25. Study: Gender of the rapist
Frequency of percent of men among rapists
given by our participants
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
100% 99% 98% 97% 95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 67% 60% 50%
close to real figure

26. (F.B.I. Ten-Year Arrest Trends by Sex, 2004–2013, 2013)
98,4% of the perpetrators arrested for forcible rape
and sexual assault in 2013 in the USA are men.
Real: Gender of rapists

27. How many victims know the rapist

28. Study: How many victims know the rapist
Frequency of percent of victims who know the rapist,
given by our participants
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2% 5% 10% 12% 25% 30% 35% 40% 50% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 95%

29. (RAINN, USA data)
Real: How many victims know the rapist
73% victims
know the rapist!
38%
28%
7%
27%
friend or
acquaintance
intimate
relative
stranger

30. Where sexual assault is committed

31. Study: Where sexual assault is committed
22.5%
20.0%
45.0%
12.5%
at victim’s home
at the home of a
friend, neighbor, or
relative
dark street
other place
Percentage of the participants
who chose one of the given
places as the most frequent

32. (RAINN, USA data)
Real: Where sexual assault is committed
50% at victim’s home or close!
20% at the home of a familiar person
40%
10%
20%
30%
at victim’s home
within 1 mile from
home
at the home of a
friend, neighbor, or
relative
other places
(including dark
street)

33. Victim’s responsibility

34. Study: Victim’s responsibility
Victim is never responsible 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Victim is always responsible
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency of responses about the victim’s responsibility
We did not compare
this result with any
data

35. Number of rapists punished

36. Study: Number of rapists punished
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Frequency of percent for “How many rapist go to jail?”
given by our participants

37. (RAINN, USA data—on the website a source for every figure is described in more detail)
Real: Number of rapists punished
only 3%
go to jail!
Out of every 100 rapes
40 get reported to the police
10 lead to arrest
8 get prosecuted
4 lead to felony conviction
3 rapists will spend even a single day in prison

38. Please share this
presentation

39. Kateryna Kolnogorova
kolnogorova@gmail.com
Paulina Grzelak
pgrzelak@st.swps.edu.pl
Feel free to contact us

40. References
Elsegood, K. J., & Duff, S. C. (2010). Theory of mind in men who have sexually offended against children: A U.K.
comparison study between child sex offenders and nonoffender controls. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and
Treatment, 22, 112–131. doi:10.1177/1079063209359926
F.B.I. Report.Crime in the United States (2013). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from http://www.fbi.gov/about-
us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/violent-crime/rape
F.B.I. Ten-Year Arrest Trends by Sex, 2004–2013 (2013). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from http://www.fbi.gov/about-
us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/tables/table-
33/table_33_ten_year_arrest_trends_by_sex_2013.xls
Inside the Mind of a Sex Offender, retrieved on the 01.11.14 from
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Krug, E.G., Dahlberg, L.L., Mercy, J.A., Zwi, A.B., & Lozano, R. (eds.). (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva:
WHO.
Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN), retrieved on the 30.10.14 from https://rainn.org/get-
information/statistics/sexual-assault-offenders
State of California Department of Justice, “Megan's Law”, retrieved on the 02.11.2014
from http://meganslaw.ca.gov/facts.htm
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Vachon, D. D., Lynam, D. R., & Johnson, J. A. (2014). The (Non)Relation Between Empathy and Aggression: Surprising
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United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC), retrieved on the 02.11.2014 from
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime.html