This document discusses research design in nursing. It defines research design and outlines its purposes and characteristics. The key elements of research design are identified as approach, sampling, data collection/analysis. Quantitative and qualitative designs are examined, including experimental, non-experimental, and other approaches. Specific designs like descriptive studies, correlational studies, true experiments, quasi-experiments, and pre-experiments are defined and their advantages/disadvantages discussed. Factors influencing design choice and current challenges in nursing research designs are also summarized.
2. Research Design
Blue print
Back bone
Overall Plan
Framework
Master plan
A Strategy
3. Purposes of Research Design
Scheme for answering the question
Control bias
Organize the study
4. Characteristics of a good design
Control of bias.
Capable of obtaining the most reliable and valid data.
Helps an investigator avoid making mistaken
conclusions
Control the various threats of validity, both internal
and external.
5. FEATURES OF A GOOD DESIGN
OBJECTIVITY VALIDITY
RELIABILITY GENERALIZABILIY
6. ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
APPROAC
H
SAMPLE&
SAMPLING
SOURCES OF
DATA
COLLECTION
TOOLS
AND
METHODS
DATA
ANALYSIS
12. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Pre-test post-test control group
Post-test only experimental design
Solomon four group design
Factorial design
Randomized block design
Cross-over design
Latin square design
14. PRE – EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
One- shot case
design
One group pretest
post test design
15.
16. RESEARCH DESIGNS IN NURSING
Descriptive / exploratory
Correlational
True Experimental
Quasi experimental
Pre experimental
Outcome research
Evaluation studies
17. DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
Picture of a situation as it naturally happens
Two or more variables
No manipulation of variables
Search for accurate information
More information about the characteristics
18. TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES
USED IN NURSING
• Describe the frequency of occurrence
rather than a study relationship
Uni-variant
descriptive
design
• Investigating the phenomenon and its
related factors about which very little is
known
Exploratory
descriptive
design
• Comparing occurrences of two or more
groups
Comparative
descriptive
design:
19. Advantages of descriptive study
Develop theories
Identify problems with current practices
Justify current practices
Accurate information
Disadvantages
Information collected is very brief and
superficial
Time consuming process
20. CORRELATIONAL /EX-POST FACTO
DESIGN
The researcher examines the
relationship between two or
more variables in a natural
setting without manipulation or
control.
22. TYPES OF CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
Prospective
design
• Examining
relationship
between
cause to effect
Retrospective
design
• Examining
relationship
between
effect to cause
23. Advantages:
Increase flexibility during examining the
relationship
Effective and efficient method in collecting large
amount of data
Exploring a relationship between variables.
Opens up further research
Disadvantages:
Only uncovers a relationship
Cannot provide reason for relationship
No randomization
Unable to determine causal relationship
24. EXPERIMETNAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Observation under controlled conditions
Conducted with scientific approach
Examining the effect of independent variable on
dependent variable.
Manipulation of independent variable
Testing hypotheses of causal relationship among
variables
25. TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH IN NURSING
True or Classical
Experimental design
Pre-experimental
design
Quasi-experimental
design
27. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
DESIGN
Control over extraneous variables.
Observed effect on dependent variable is only due to
the manipulation of independent variable
Consists of all three elements control, randomization
and manipulation
3 types of experimental designs are commnonly used
in Nursing.
28. 3 TYPES OF TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS ARE
COMMONLY USED IN NURSING.
Pre- test post test
control group
Post-test only control
design
Solomon –four group
design
32. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
ADVANTAGES
Most appropriate for testing cause and effect
relationship.
Most appropriate for testing the hypothesis.
DISADVANTAGES
Ethical considerations for human subjects.
Pre test can affect the post test response.
33. QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Involves manipulation of independent variable.
Lack one characteristics of true experimental design.
Either randomization or control exists.
Test cause and effect relationship.
34. TYPES OF QUASI EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
Non randomized
/non equivalent
control group design
Time series design
35. QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
USED IN NURSING RESEARH
NON RANDOMIZED CONTROL GROUP DESIGN:
Other name Non-equivalent control group design.
Identical to pretest posttest control group design
except randomization.
No random assignment of subjects in experimental
and control group
Common in Nursing research.
36.
37. Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
More practical
Feasible
Suitable in nursing research
Able to establish causal relationship.
Disadvantages:
No control over extraneous variables
Lack of control over the research setting.
38. PRE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
DESIGN
This design is considered as very weak, as the researcher
has very little control over the experiment
Types
One- shot case
design
One group pretest
post test design
39. ONE SHOT CASE DESIGN
Single experimental group.
No random assignment of the subjects
No control group
40.
41. ONE GROUP PRETEST POSTTEST
DESIGN
Simplest type
Only experimental group is selected
Pre test observation is done prior to the treatment
No control group
43. ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
Very simple
Convenient
Suitable for the beginners
Disadvantages:
Very weak experimental design
Selection bias
Higher threat of internal validity
44. OTHER DESIGNS USED IN NURSING
Outcome research
• Involves the care practices and systems.
• To develop evidence based practice
Evaluation studies
• Judgment about success of
programmes, procedures and policies
45. FACTORS AFFECTING RESEARCH
DESIGN
Nature of the research problem
Purpose of the study
Researcher’s knowledge and experience
Researcher’s interest & motivation
Research ethics and principles
Subjects and participants
Resources
Time
Extraneous variables.
46. CURRENT CHALLENGES OF
RESEARCH DESIGNS IN NURSING
FIELD
Selecting the best research design
Performing the collection of data without errors
Use experimental Research
Use qualitative Research
Studies to support Nursing practice, education,
administration, health promotion etc..
Feasible
Relevant
Time consuming studies