DEFINITIONS, IDNDR, ISDR, NDMA

1. DISASTER
MITIGATION &
MANAGEMENT
1

2. UNIT-1
INTRODUCTION
2

3. Necessity & Scope of DMM
 Develop an understanding of why and how the modern disaster management is involved with pre-disaster
and post-disaster activities.
 Understand the key concepts of disaster management related to development, and understand the
relationship of disaster phases to each other and the linkage of activities from one phase to the next.
 Identify the major disaster types.
 Identify the organizations that are involved in natural disaster assistance.
 Understand the sets of tools available to disaster management.
 Understand the planning strategies useful in mitigation.
 Describe public awareness and economic incentive possibilities.
 Understand the tools of post-disaster management.
 Identify other supplemental skills that could be useful.
3

4. Importance of DMM in a country like India
 India is vulnerable in varying degrees to a large number of natural as well
as man-made disasters.
 Further, the vulnerability to Nuclear, Biological and Chemical disasters and
terrorism has also increased manifold.
 Disaster risks in India are further compounded by increasing
vulnerabilities. These include:
 the ever growing population,
 the vast disparities in income,
 rapid urbanization,
 increasing industrialization,
 development within high-risk zones,
 Environmental degradation,
 Climate change, etc.
 All these point to a future where disasters seriously threaten India’s
population, national security, economy and its sustainable development.
4

5. Hazard profile of India
 58% of the land mass susceptible - seismic hazard damage
 12% of landmass - floods
 68% of the total area – vulnerable to drought
 7000 Km long coastline (8%) - threatened by cyclone
 Hilly regions- Avalanches/landslides/Hailstorms/cloudbursts
 50% of the forest cover- forest fires
 other Human caused hazards
5

6. Disaster
- Is a sudden calamity which brings misfortune & miseries to
humanity, which could include loss of life and or property.
- Is an event which is –
 generally unpredictable
 happens instantly or without giving enough time to react
 affects a large number of people
 disrupting normal life leading to a large scale devastation in
terms of loss of life and property
 leaves deep socio-psychological, political and economic after
effects which persist for a long time to come.
6

7. Features - Unpredictable, Uncertain, Unfamiliar, Rapid, Intense
Damages caused depends on – geographical location, Climate,
Degree of vulnerability
Types of disasters
 Natural, Man-made or Human-induced
 Disasters occur in varied forms
 Some are predictable in advance
 Some are annual or seasonal
 Some are sudden and unpredictable
 Factors leading to a Disaster
 Meteorological, Geological, Ecological or Environmental,
Technological Etc.
7

8. Types of disasters
8

9. Disaster sub group definitions
9

10. Natural Disasters classification
10

11. Infrastructure and development
 Infrastructure is basic physical and organizational structure needed for the
operation of a society or the services and facilities necessary for an economy
to function.
There are two types of infrastructure-
 Hard infrastructure- refers to the large physical networks necessary for the
functioning of a modern industrial nation
Ex: Transport, Energy, Water management, Communications, SWM, Earth
monitoring and measurement works
 Soft infrastructure- refers to all those institutions which are required to
maintain the economic, health, cultural and social standards of a country.
Ex: Financial system, education, health care, the system of government, law
enforcement and emergency services.
11

12. Disaster management
 Disaster management or emergency management is the creation of
plans through which communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and
cope with disasters.
 Disaster management does not prevent or eliminate the threats, instead
it focuses on creating plans to decrease the impact of disasters.
 Failure to create a plan could lead to damage to assets, human
mortality, and lost revenue.
Disaster Mitigation
 Mitigation is a type of long-term, pre-disaster planning which
involves repeated expenditures on structural and non-structural issues
in an attempt to reduce or eliminate future risks.
 Mitigation in practice usually considers the medium or long term
prospects of safety
12

13. Basic principles of disaster mitigation
Early warning systems:
 to help save lives
 to provide timely and effective information
 combinations of tools and processes embedded within institutional structures,
 Some of the technologies used include:
 Forecasting and modelling technology
 Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS)
 Satellite communication technology
 Mobile phone technology
Land-use zoning:
 plays a key role in reducing current and future community risk.
 It assesses environmental impacts and land at risk from natural disasters like
floods and droughts.
Building codes:
 intended to increase the safety and integrity of structures, thereby reducing
deaths, injuries and property damage from a wide range of hazards.
 They also to facilitate safe evacuations in the event of an emergency.
13

14. Incentives:
Incentives may be given to firms and households in disaster prone areas to
strengthen the existing buildings and to include some modifications during
construction.
Increasing public awareness:
Awareness raising campaigns about the disasters must be conducted to educate the
people about how to respond and cope when a disaster strikes.
Role of Information Technology
 Exchange of information and easily accessible communication practices play key
roles.
 Data is also crucial for ongoing research, national planning, monitoring potential
hazards and assessing risks.
 Neglecting information management and the early warning system in disaster
management may augment serious consequences for the victims.
 The most important procedures relating to information for disasters are monitoring,
recording, processing, sharing, and dissemination.
 Information technology facilitates receiving, classifying, analyzing, and
dissemination of information for appropriate decision- making.
14

15. Role of Communication Technology
 The available data and information should be effectively transmitted from the
supplier to the end user passing through several stages.
 The role of communication technology in disaster management is to keep the
flow of real-time data and information during all these phases.
Remote Sensing
 Remote sensing is an investigative technique that uses a recording instrument
or device to measure or acquire information on a distant object or phenomenon
with which it is not in physical or intimate contact.
 The technique is used for accumulating vital information on the environment.
 It comprises Aerial Remote Sensing, which is the process of recording
information such as photographs and images from sensors on aircrafts.
 Satellite Remote Sensing, which consists of several satellite remote sensing
systems which can be used to integrate natural hazard assessments into
development planning studies.
 Remote sensing can collate data much faster than ground-based observation,
covering a large spatial area at one time to give a synoptic view. It has the
capability of capturing images of distant targets, and in all weather conditions.
15

16. Geographical Information System
 GIS is a computer-based system capable of integrating, storing, editing,
analyzing, sharing, and displaying geographically-referenced information.
 Spatial features (latitude, longitude, state plane, etc) are stored in a coordinate
system (latitude, longitude, state plane, etc) which alludes to a particular place
on earth.
 Descriptive attributes in tabular form are associated with the spatial features.
 Spatial data and associated attributes in the same coordinate system can then be
layered together for mapping and analysis.
Global Positioning System
 A critical component of any successful rescue operation is time.
 Prior knowledge of the precise location of landmarks, streets, buildings,
emergency service resources, and disaster relief sites saves time – and saves
lives.
 Such information is critical to disaster relief teams and public safety personnel in
order to protect life and reduce property loss.
 The Global Positioning System (GPS) serves as a facilitating technology in
addressing these needs by helping the users, at any point on or near the earth’s
surface, to obtain instantaneous three-dimensional coordinates of their location.
16

17. Disaster management in India
 India-unique geo-climatic conditions. There is a need of a well-structured and integrated
disaster management mechanism
 Disaster management-
 to reduce/avoid the loss
 Provide assistance
 Attain effective recovery
National disaster management authority (NDMA)
 An agency of the Ministry of Home Affairs
 To co-ordinate response to natural or man made disasters
 It was established through the disaster management act enacted by the GOI in Dec 2005
 Responsible for framing policies, laying down guidelines and best practices and co-ordinating
with the SDMA’s to ensure a holistic and distributed approach to disaster management.
 National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
 National disaster risk management programme (NDRMP)
17

18. Space Technology
--Provides important information- weather conditions
--Provide observations - Geostationary satellites
--Cyclone detection radars (CDRs)- installed along Indian coastline
--Area cyclone warning centres (ACWCs)- Calcutta, Chennai, Mumbai
--Cyclone warning centres (CWCs)- Bhubaneshwar, Vizag, Ahmedabad
--Indian Meterological Dept. (IMD)
--Polar orbiting satellites- high resolution images
--Communication satellites- data collection, co-ordinating relief operations
--Central water commission (CWC)- provides forecasts about floods
DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT, 2005
“In order to coordinate central govt efforts in preparedness, prevention,
response, mitigation, relief and rehabilitation and for adoption of a holistic
pro-active approach to disaster management, a NATIONAL DISASTER
MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY has come into being by an act of parliament in
December 2005 under the chairmanship of prime minister as the NODAL
AGENCY for disaster management in the country.”
18

19. Disaster Management Cycle 19

20. Disaster Management Cycle
1. Preparedness
 This protective process embraces measures which enable governments, communities
and individuals to respond rapidly to disaster situations to cope with them effectively.
Preparedness includes -
 the formulation of viable emergency plans,
 the development of warning systems,
 the maintenance of inventories
 the training of personnel.
 rescue measures
 evacuation plans for areas that may be at risk from a recurring disaster.
Preparedness therefore encompasses those measures taken before a disaster event
which are aimed at minimising loss of life, disruption of critical services, and damage
when the disaster occurs.
20

21. 2. Mitigation
 Mitigation embraces measures taken to reduce both the effect of the
hazard and the vulnerable conditions to it in order to reduce the scale of a
future disaster. Therefore mitigation activities can be focused on the
hazard itself or the elements exposed to the threat.
Examples of mitigation measures which are hazard specific
 water management in drought prone areas,
 relocating people away from the hazard prone areas and
 by strengthening structures to reduce damage when a hazard occurs.
 In addition to these physical measures, mitigation should also aim at
reducing the economic and social vulnerabilities of potential disasters
21

22.  Disaster Risk Management includes sum total of all activities, programmes and measures which can be taken up before,
during and after a disaster with the purpose to avoid a disaster, reduce its impact or recover from its losses. The three
key stages of activities that are taken up within disaster risk management are:
1. Before a disaster (pre-disaster).
 Activities taken to reduce human and property losses caused by a potential hazard.
 carrying out awareness campaigns, strengthening the existing weak structures, preparation of the disaster management
plans at household and community level etc.
2. During a disaster (disaster occurrence).
 Initiatives taken to ensure that the needs and provisions of victims are met and suffering is minimized. Activities taken
under this stage are called emergency response activities.
3. After a disaster (post-disaster)
 Initiatives taken in response to a disaster with a purpose to achieve early recovery and rehabilitation of affected
communities, immediately after a disaster strikes. These are called as response and recovery activities.
22

23. Hazards
 Hazard may be defined as “a dangerous condition or event, that threat or have the potential for
causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment.”
 “An event that has the potential to cause widespread destruction and loss of lives and
property”.
 The word ‘hazard’ in old French ‘hasard’ and ‘az-zahr’ in Arabic meaning ‘chance’ or ‘luck’.
 Natural hazards - caused because of natural phenomena.
 cyclones, tsunamis, earthquake and volcanic eruption which are exclusively of natural origin.
 Landslides, floods, drought, fires are socio-natural hazards since their causes are both natural
and man made.
 Manmade hazards are hazards which are due to human negligence.
 Manmade hazards are associated with industries or energy generation facilities and include
explosions, leakage of toxic waste, pollution, dam failure, wars or civil strife etc.
23

24. 24

25. Vulnerable Population
 the economically disadvantaged
 racial and ethnic minorities
 the uninsured , low-income children
 the elderly , the homeless
 those with chronic health conditions, including severe mental illness
 The vulnerability of these individuals is enhanced by race, ethnicity, age, sex and factors
such as income, insurance coverage and absence of a usual source of care.
 Their health and healthcare problems intersect with social factors, including housing,
poverty, and inadequate education.
Vulnerability
 “The extent to which a community, structure, services or geographic area is likely to be
damaged or disrupted by the impact of particular hazard, on account of their nature,
construction and proximity to hazardous terrains or a disaster prone area.”
 Physical Vulnerability: It is based on the physical condition of people and elements at
risk, such as buildings, infrastructure etc; and their proximity, location and nature of the
hazard.
 Socio-economic Vulnerability: It is based on the socioeconomic conditions. The socio-
economic condition of the people also determines the intensity of the impact.
25

26. Capacity
Capacity can be defined as “resources, means and strengths which exist in households and communities and which
enable them to cope with, withstand, prepare for, prevent, mitigate or quickly recover from a disaster”.
Physical Capacity:
 Some family members have skills, which enable them to find employment if they migrate, either temporarily or
permanently.
Socio-economic Capacity: In most of the disasters, people suffer their greatest losses in the physical and material realm.
 Hazards are always prevalent, but the hazard becomes a disaster only when there is greater vulnerability and less of
capacity to cope with it.
 In other words the frequency or likelihood of a hazard and the vulnerability of the community increases the risk of
being severely affected.
Risk
 Risk can be taken as chance or a probability that harm may occur.
 Risk is a function of the probability of particular hazardous event and the losses each would cause.
 ”The level of risk depends upon: Nature of the hazard vs Vulnerability of the elements which are affected vs
Economic value of those elements
 A community/locality is said to be at ‘risk’ when it is exposed to hazards and is likely to be adversely affected by
its impact.
 “Disaster risk management includes all measures which reduce disaster related losses of life, property or assets by
either reducing the hazard or vulnerability of the elements at risk”
26

27. Disaster
 Disaster: French word “Desastre” - ‘des’ meaning bad + ‘aster’ meaning star. Thus
the term refers to ‘Bad or Evil star’.
 “A serious disruption in the functioning of the community or a society causing
wide spread material, economic, social or environmental losses which exceed the
ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources”.
 Hazard + Vulnerability + Insufficient Capacity = Disaster
 A disaster happens when a hazard impacts on the vulnerable population and causes
damage, casualties and disruption.
 Any hazard which is a triggering event along with greater vulnerability would lead
to disaster causing greater loss to life and property.
 Disaster occurs only when hazards and vulnerability meet.
 With greater capacity of the individual/community and environment to face these
disasters, the impact of a hazard reduces.
Hazard Vs Disaster
 A dangerous condition or events that threaten or have the potential for causing
injury to life or damage to property or the environment.
 There are several important characteristics that make Disasters different from
Accidents. The loss of a sole income earner in a car crash may be a disaster to a
family, but only an accident to the community.
 Variables such as Causes, Frequency, Duration of the Impact, Speed of Onset,
Scope of the Impact, Destructive Potential, Human Vulnerability etc determine the
difference.
27

28. 28

29. Personal and community awareness
 As Indians we need to be aware of likely hazards and potential hazards, how, when and
where they are likely to occur, and the problems which may result of an event.
 With 60% of the land mass susceptible - seismic hazard damage; 40 million hectares
(8%) of landmass - floods; 8000 Km long coastline with two cyclone seasons; 68% of
the total area - drought; Hilly regions - avalanches/landslides/Hailstorms/cloudbursts;
other Human caused hazards - important that we should be aware - to cope
 During the time of a disaster there will be delay before outside help arrives. At first,
self-help is essential and depends on a prepared community – that is a community
which has:
 An alert, informed and actively aware population
 A Preparedness and Response Plan
 An active and involved local Government
 Agreed, coordinated arrangements for response, preparedness and mitigation measures.
29

30. 30

31. 31

34. What is Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)?
 A conceptual framework consisting of ways
and means:
 To minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks.
 To avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and
preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards
within the broad context of sustainable
development.

35. INDI
A
ALASK
A
US
A
CHIN
A
AREA-WISE
EVENTS
DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL
DISASTERS
INDONESI
A
JAPAN

36. 17July 2014;Malaysia Airlines 777-200ER; 9M-MRD; flight MH17; near
Grabovo,Ukraine:The aircraft wason ascheduledinternational flight between
Amsterdam, the Netherlands and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.All 283passengers
and 15crew members werekilled.

37. Cyclone arrived inKhulna,Bangladesh,July2013

38. Tsunami devastated Tohoku district,Japan and other regions.
Damages were inflicted in EastKanto district, too.The number of
deaths is13,802,the number of injured is 4,928, and the number
of missing is 14,129(asof April 17at 18:00 accordingto the
National PoliceAgency),2013

39. Flood occurredin Darchula district in Nepal,2013

40. The United Nations General Assembly designated
the1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster
Reduction (IDNDR). Its basic objective was to decrease
the loss of life, property destruction and social and
economic disruption caused by natural disasters, such
as earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, volcanic
eruptions, drought and other disasters of natural origin.
INTERNATIONAL DECADE FOR NATURAL DISASTER
REDUCTION

41. 41
IDNDR
In 1984, during the 8thWorld Conference on Earthquake Engineering in San Francisco,
Dr. Frank Press proposed an International Decade for Natural Hazard Reduction.
In1987,the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling for a Decade--
International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR, 1990-2000).
What is the need for IDNDR???
To encourage people to protect communities from natural disasters.
The objective of IDNDR is to reduce, through concerted international action-
the loss of life,
property damage and
social and economic disruption caused by natural disasters
-such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, droughts, and
other disasters of natural origin especially in developing countries.

42. 42IDNDR Goals
• Improve each country’s capacity to mitigate the effects of natural
disasters
• Devise appropriate guidelines and strategies for applying existing
scientific and technical knowledge
• Encourage scientific and engineering endeavors aimed at closing critical
gaps in knowledge.
• Disseminate existing and new technical information
• Develop measures for the assessment, prediction, prevention, and
mitigation of natural disasters
IDNDR works through IDNDR National Committees and Focal Points,
which exist in 138 countries. The IDNDR Secretariat is in Geneva,
Switzerland.

43. The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR)
aims to pursue the initiatives,co-operation,developing new
mechanisms as well as pushing for further commitments from
policy-makers. The overriding goal is to reduce human,
social, economic and environmental losses due to natural
hazards (and related technological and environmental
disasters). The building of disaster resilient communities is a
main objective.

44. peopleworkfor the ISDR?
“The ISDR has a secretariat based in
Geneva with a total of 30 people and a
couple of offices in Africa, the America,
Europe and a liaison office in New York,
this system include UN agencies,
governments, civil societies, private sector
media and more all over the world.”

45. Objectives of theISDR
The ISDR promotes the following four objectives as tools
towards reaching disaster reduction for all:
 Increase public awareness to understand risk, vulnerability
and disaster reduction globally.
 Obtain commitment from public authorities to implement
disaster reduction policies and actions
 Stimulate interdisciplinary and inter- sectoral partnerships,
including the expansion of risk reduction networks
 Improve scientific knowledge about disaster reduction

46. Disaster Reduction:
An agenda in International Progress
1989: IDNDR 1990-1999 – promotion of disaster reduction, technical and
scientific buy-in
1994: Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action – Mid-review IDNDR, first blueprint
for disaster reduction policy guidance (social & community orientation)
2000: International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) - increased public
commitment and linkage to sustainable development, enlarged networking and
partnerships.
2002: Johannesburg Plan of Implementation- Includes a new section on “An
integrated, multi-hazard, inclusive approach to address vulnerability, risk assessment
and disaster management…”
2005: Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 Building the Resilience of Nations
and Communities to Disasters

47. STEPS CARRIED OUTBYISDR??

48.  Community awareness
and education.
 Proper warningsystem.
 Mutual aidarrangement.
 Mock drill,training
practice.
Waysfor DisasterPreparedness
GNIET

49.  Implementing thedisaster
management plan
 Setting up medicalcamps
and mobilizing resources
 Providing adequateshelter
and sanitary facilities
 Development of searchand
rescue team
Disaster Response
GNIET

50. Disaster Recovery
 Counseling programme for those
who lost the nearones.
 Restoring services like roads,
communication link.
 Providing financial support
employment.
 Reconstructing damaged
buildings.
GNIET

51. 19

52. 20

53. INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1.Change of Focus from Relief Centric to Holistic
Approach.
2.Mainstreaming Disaster Management into
international Developmental Programmes.
3.Empowerment of the Community to face the
Disaster.
4.Emphasis on Training, Development of Human
Capital and Capacity Building.
5.Key Role of Educational and Professional
Institutions for Mass Education and
Awareness.

54. 7. Supporting and Enabling Mechanisms for the
countries states and districts.
8. Failsafe Early Warning & Communication
Systems.
9. Coordinated, Timely and Effective Response.
10.Involvement of NGOs & Corporate Sectors.
11.Time Bound Action Plan for Earthquakes,
Floods & Cyclones.
12.Pro-active Participation at the
Regional and International Level.

55. ISDR Mission
• Catalyze, facilitate and mobilize the commitment and resources of
national, regional and international stakeholders of the ISDR System to
build the resilience of nations and communities to disasters through the
implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action.
Hyogo Framework
• Governments around the world have committed to take action to reduce
disaster risk, and have adopted a guideline to reduce vulnerabilities to
natural hazards, called the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA).
Hyogo goals
•Effective integration of disaster risk in to sustainable development
policies, planning, and programming
•The development and strengthening of institutions, mechanisms, and
capacities at all levels, in particular at the community level, that can
systematically contribute to building resilience to hazards
•The systematic incorporation of risk reduction approaches into design
and implementation of emergency preparedness, response, and recovery
programs in the reconstruction of affected communities

56. 56
NDMA
• An agency of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
• It was established through the disaster management act enacted by
the GOI in Dec 2005.
• To co-ordinate response to natural or man made disasters.
• Responsible for framing policies, laying down guidelines a and best
practices and coordinating with the SDMA’s to ensure a holistic and
distributed approach to disaster management.

57. 57
Role of NDMA
• The NDMA will concentrate on prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and
rehabilitation and reconstruction phases.
• It also formulates appropriate policies and guidelines for effective and synergised
national disaster response and relief.
• The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) under the Chairmanship of the
Prime Minister is the apex body responsible for laying down policies, plans and
guidelines for disaster management and for coordinating their enforcement and
implementation throughout the country.
• These policies and guidelines will assist the Central Ministries, State Governments
and district administration to formulate their respective plans and programmes.
• NDMA has the power to approve the National Plans and the Plans of the respective
Ministries and Departments of Government of India.
• It also directs and controls National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).