音声学(phonetics)の基礎を学んで語学学習に活用しよう!

1. Practical Phonetics

2. Self-introduction
/laʒenɔʁɛ̃k/lagénorhynque
(Paci c white-sided dolphin; カマイルカ)
(defprofile lagénorhynque
:name "Kent OHASHI"
:account @lagenorhynque
:company "Opt, Inc."
:languages [Clojure Haskell Python Scala
English français Deutsch русский]
:interests [programming language-learning mathematics])
:contributing [https://github.com/japan-clojurians/clojure-site-ja]

3. Contents
1. What is 'phonetics'?
2. Why phonetics matters?
3. Basics of phonetics
4. English pronunciation quiz

4. What is 'phonetics'?

5. 音声学( ): /fəˈnɛtɪks/phonetics
φωνή (phone; /pʰɔː.nɛ᷄ː/) =「音声」(sound/voice)に関する学問
言語学( )の一分野
物理的実在である言語音声そのものが研究対象
調音音声学( )
音響音声学( )
聴覚音声学( )
linguistics
articulatory phonetics
acoustic phonetics
auditory phonetics
cf. 音韻論( ): /fəˈnɒlədʒi/, /fəˈnɑlədʒi/phonology
個別言語ごとの言語音の機能的構造(体系)や音韻規則などが研究対象

6. ちなみに
フォニックス( ): /ˈfɒnɪks/, /ˈfɑnɪks/phonics
英語の発音と綴りの規則を習得するための学習/教育法
音声学や音韻論の知見を基礎としている
歴史的経緯により、英語は正書法( )がかなり不規則
→ 英語圏で読み書きを学び始める際に取り組むことのひとつ
orthography
cf. Phonics made easy | Oxford Owl

7. Why phonetics matters?

8. 自然言語を使う際に発音や文法を気にしすぎる必要はないが……
音声学の知識があると
どのように言語音を作るのかが分かる
母語や外国語の発音を矯正できる
発音できるものは聴き取れる→ listening/speakingが効率化
語彙/文法を覚えやすくなる→ reading/writingが効率化
⇒語学学習の効率が高まる
Let's learn the basics of phonetics!

9. Basics of phonetics

10. 調音音声学における「音」
調音(articulation): 音声器官を使って言語音を作り出すこと
単音(phone)
子音( )
母音( )
IPA (国際音声記号; )
consonant
vowel
International Phonetic Alphabet

12. 子音

13. 子音の分類
1. 発声( )
2. 調音位置/調音部位( )
3. 調音方法( )
phonation
place of articulation
manner of articulation

14. 1. 発声(phonation)
無声音(voiceless): [ p ], [ s ], etc.
有声音(voiced): [ b ], [ z ], etc.

15. 2. 調音位置(place of articulation)
両唇音( ): [ p ], [ m ], [ ɸ ], etc.
唇歯音( ): [ f ], etc.
歯音( ): [ θ ], etc.
歯茎音( ): [ t ], [ n ], [ r ], [ ɾ ], [ s ], [ ɹ ], [ l ], etc.
後部歯茎音( ): [ ʃ ], etc.
そり舌音( ): [ ɻ ], etc.
硬口蓋音( ): [ ɲ ], [ ç ], [ j ], [ ʎ ], etc.
軟口蓋音( ): [ k ], [ ŋ ], [ x ], etc.
口蓋垂音( ): [ ʀ ], [ χ ], etc.
咽頭音( ): [ ħ ], etc.
声門音( ): [ h ], etc.
bilabial
labiodental
dental
alveolar
postalveolar
retro ex
palatal
velar
uvular
pharyngeal
glottal

16. 3. 調音方法(manner of articulation)
破裂音/閉鎖音( ): [ p ], [ t ], [ k ], etc.
鼻音( ): [ m ], [ n ], [ ɲ ], [ ŋ ], etc.
ふるえ音( ): [ r ], [ ʀ ], etc.
はじき音( ): [ ɾ ], etc.
摩擦音( ): [ ɸ ], [ f ], [ θ ], [ s ], [ ʃ ], [ ç ], [ x ], [ χ ], [ h ], etc.
側面摩擦音(lateral fricative): [ ɬ ], etc.
接近音( ): [ ɹ ], [ ɻ ], [ j ], etc.
側面接近音(lateral approximant): [ l ], [ ʎ ], etc.
plosive/stop
nasal
trill
tap/ ap
fricative
approximant

17. 母音

18. 母音の分類
1. 円唇性( )
2. 前後(backness)
3. 広さ(height)
roundedness

19. 1. 円唇性(roundedness)
非円唇母音(unrounded vowel): [ i ], [ ɑ ], etc.
円唇母音(rounded vowel): [ y ], [ ɒ ] etc.

20. 2. 前後(backness)
前舌母音( ): [ i ], [ y ], [ e ], [ ø ], [ ɛ ], [ œ ], [ æ ], [ a ], etc.
中舌母音( ): [ ɨ ], [ ə ], etc.
後舌母音( ): [ u ], [ o ], [ ʌ ], [ ɔ ], [ ɑ ], [ ɒ ], etc.
front vowel
central vowel
back vowel

21. 3. 広さ(height)
狭母音( ): [ i ], [ y ], [ ɨ ], [ u ], etc.
半狭母音( ): [ e ], [ ø ], [ o ], etc.
半広母音( ): [ ɛ ], [ œ ], [ ʌ ], [ ɔ ], etc.
広母音( ): [ a ], [ ɑ ], [ ɒ ], etc.
close vowel
close-mid vowel
open-mid vowel
open vowel

22. English pronunciation quiz
Debug your English pronunciation!

23. Q1
top

24. A1
[ tɒp ] / [ tɑp ]
Check
[ p ]の後に余分な母音がないか?

25. EX1
up [ ʌp ], ship [ ʃɪp ], cap [ kæp ]
cat [ kæt ], hat [ hæt ], coat [ kəʊt ]/[ koʊt ]
steak [ steɪk ], cook [ kʊk ], back [ bæk ]
dice [ daɪs ], house [ haʊs ], mouse [ maʊs ]
bush [ bʊʃ ], dash [ dæʃ ], push [ pʊʃ ]
catch [ kæt ͡ʃ ], much [ mʌt ͡ʃ ], touch [ tʌt ͡ʃ ]
time [ taɪm ], come [ kʌm ], steam [ stiːm ]
web [ wɛb ], snob [ snɒb ]/[ snɑb ], cab [ kæb ]
sad [ sæd ], mad [ mæd ], mud [ mʌd ]
bag [ bæɡ ], bug [ bʌɡ ], hug [ hʌɡ ]

26. Q2
missing

27. A2
[ ˈmɪsɪŋ ]
Check
ss を[ s ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɕ ], [ ʃ ])

28. EX2
C/sea/see [ siː ]/[ si ], sip [ sɪp ], seat [ siːt ]
she [ ʃiː ]/[ ʃi ], ship [ ʃɪp ], sheet [ ʃiːt ]
sick [ sɪk ], sin [ sɪn ], sit [ sɪt ]
chic [ ʃiːk ], shin [ ʃɪn ], shit [ ʃɪt ]
Z [ zɛd ]/[ ziː ], zip [ zɪp ]
gee [ d ͡ʒiː ], gyp [ d ͡ʒɪp ]

29. Q3
award

30. A3
[ əˈwɔːd ] / [ əˈwɔɹd ]
Check
ar を[ ɔː ]/[ ɔɹ ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɑː ]/[ ɑɹ ])

31. EX3
award [ əˈwɔːd ]/[ əˈwɔɹd ], quark [ kwɔːk ]/[ kwɔɹk ]
quarter [ ˈkwɔːtə ]/[ ˈkwɔɹ.tɚ ], war [ wɔː ]/[ wɔɹ ]
ward [ wɔːd ]/[ wɔɹd ], wardrobe [ ˈwɔːdɹəʊb ]/[ ˈwɔɹdɹoʊb ]
warm [ wɔːm ]/[ wɔɹm ], warn [ wɔːn ]/[ wɔɹn ]

32. Q4
Chicago

33. A4
[ ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ ]
Check
i の[ ɪ ]が発音できているか? (日本語では脱落しがち)

34. EX4
participate [ pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt ]/[ pɑɹˈtɪsɪpeɪt ], institute [ ˈɪnstɪt(j)uːt ]
chicane [ ʃɪˈkeɪn ], hospital [ ˈhɒspɪtəl ]/[ ˈhɑspɪtl ̩ ]
beautiful [ ˈbjuːtɪfəɫ ], architect [ ˈɑːkɪtɛkt ]/[ ˈɑɹkɪtɛkt ]
occupation [ ɒkjuːpeɪʃən ]/[ ɑkjuːpeɪʃən ], reputation [ ˌɹɛpjʊˈteɪʃən ]

35. Q5
king

36. A5
[ kɪŋ ]
Check
ng を[ ŋ ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ŋg ])

37. Q6
one

38. A6
[ wʌn ]
Check
n を[ n ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɴ ])

39. EX5, 6
Tom [ tɒm ]/[ tɑm ], dumb [ dʌm ], some [ sʌm ]
ton [ tʌn ], done [ dʌn ], son/sun [ sʌn ]
tong [ tɒŋ ]/[ tɑŋ ], dung [ dʌŋ ], sung [ sʌŋ ]

40. Q7
he

41. A7
[ hiː ] / [ hi ]
Check
h を[ h ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ç ])

42. EX7
he [ hiː ]/[ hi ], hit [ hɪt ]

43. Q8
knee

44. A8
[ niː ] / [ ni ]
Check
n を[ n ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɲ ], [ nʲ ])

45. EX8
neat [ niːt ], knee [ niː ]/[ ni ], knit [ nɪt ], new [ njuː ]/[ n(j)u ]

46. Q9
who

47. A9
[ huː ]
Check
wh を[ h ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɸ ])

48. EX9
who'll [ huːl ], heal/heel/he'll [ hiːl ], who'd [ huːd ], heed/he'd [ hiːd ]
fool [ fuːl ], feel [ ːl ], food [ fuːd ], feed [ ːd ]

49. Q10
baby

50. A10
[ ˈbeɪbi ]
Check
2番目のb を[ b ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ β ])

51. That's all! (*> ᴗ •*)ゞ

52. Further Reading
音声学の基礎と実践的な日本語/英語(+α)の発音練習
IPAについて
英語の音声について
フォニックス(phonics)について
発音(pronunciation)や語源(etymology)を調べるなら
『脱・日本語なまり―英語(+α)実践音声学』
『脱・日本語なまり』音声データ
International Phonetic Association | ɪntə'næʃənəl fə'nɛtɪk
əsoʊsi'eɪʃn
IPA_Kiel_2015.pdf
BBC Learning English - The Sounds of English
Phonics made easy | Oxford Owl
Wiktionary, the free dictionary