AN EASY GUIDE for professionals to improve their communication and presenting skills. This presentation is tailored to busy professionals who don't have much time to prepare for client conversations but still want to make a good first impression.
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CAPS-COMMUNICATION AND PRESENTATION SKILLS.pptx
1. CAPS Program
Communication and Presentation Skills
A presentation designed for revising grammatical concepts
and basics of communications
Author:
Khyati Sharma Karki
2. Basic Grammar
• Parts of Speech
• Sentence Formation
• Modals
• Prepositions
• Conjunctions
• Interjections
• Voices
• Articles
Written English
• Paragraph Writing
• Comprehension
• E-mail writing
Spoken English
• Public Speaking
• Impromptu Speeches
Contents
5. In the English language, words can be considered as the smallest elements that have distinctive
meanings. Based on their use and functions, words are categorized into several types or parts of
speech.
Parts of Speech
6. 8 major parts of speech in English grammar are as follows:
• Noun - Person, place, thing, quality, or action. Eg: Nainital, Meenu, Bottle
• Pronoun - If not name, Then All the subjects. Eg: I, we, you, they, He She, It, Name
• Verb - The ongoing Job/ or the job Done/ or the job which has to happen.
Eg: Meet, Shake, Go, fly, send, operate, visualize
• Adjective - Words that modifies Noun/ Pronoun and make them specific
Eg: Great Opportunity, brave Man, lucky girl
• Preposition - a word that is used before as Noun or a Pronoun connecting it to another word.
Eg: Under, behind, beside, into, in, on
• Conjunction - the act of making combinations, Eg: And, between, among.
• Articles: To define the definicity of the object. For eg: ‘The’ is the definite article, but a, an
are indefinite article. Eg: a, an, the
Eg: I got a great opportunity to visit down the valley in Nainital which is between the
mountains.
Parts of Speech
7. 1. Noun
This part of a speech refers to words that are used to name persons, things, animals, places,
ideas, or events. Nouns are the simplest among the 8 parts of speech.
There are different types of nouns namely:
• Proper–refers to specific names of persons, places, or things. Eg: Volkswagen Beetle, Shakey’s
Pizza, Game of Thrones
• Common–are just generic names of persons, things, or places. Eg: car, pizza parlor, TV series
• Concrete–refers to nouns which you can perceive through your five senses. Examples: folder,
sand, board
• Abstract- those which you can’t perceive through your five senses. Eg: happiness, grudge,
bravery
• Count– it refers to anything that is countable, and has a singular and plural form. Eg: Kilo
• Mass– this is the opposite of count nouns. Mass nouns are also called non-countable nouns,
and they need to have “counters” to quantify them. Eg.: Sugar, Rice, Flour
• Collective– refers to a group of persons, animals, or things. Eg: faculty (group of teachers),
class (group of students), pride (group of lions)
Parts of Speech
8. 2. Pronoun
A pronoun is a part of a speech which functions as a replacement for a noun.
Some examples of pronouns are:
I, it, he, she, mine, his, hers, we, they, theirs, and ours.
Sample Sentences:
• Janice is a very stubborn child. She just stared at me and when I told her to stop.
• The largest slice is mine.
• We are number one.
Parts of Speech
9. 3. Adjective
• This part of a speech is used to describe a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives can specify the
quality, the size, and the number of nouns or pronouns.
Sample Sentences:
• The carvings are intricate.
• I have two hamsters.
• Wow! That doughnut is huge!
Parts of Speech
10. 4. Verb
• This is the most important part of a speech, for without a verb, a sentence would not exist.
Simply put, this is a word that shows an action (physical or mental) or state of being of the
subject in a sentence.
• Examples of “State of Being Verbs” : am, is, was, are, and were
• Sample Sentences:
• As usual, the Stormtroopers missed their shot.
• They are always prepared in emergencies.
Parts of Speech
11. 5. Adverb
Just like adjectives, adverbs are also used to describe words, but the difference is that adverbs
describe adjectives, verbs, or another adverb.
The different types of adverbs are:
Adverb of Manner– this refers to how something happens or how an action is done.
• Example: Annie danced gracefully.
Adverb of Time- this states “when” something happens or “when” it is done.
• Example: She came yesterday.
Adverb of Place– this tells something about “where” something happens or ”where” something
is done.
• Example: Of course, I looked everywhere!
Adverb of Degree– this states the intensity or the degree to which a specific thing happens or is
done.
• Example: The child is very talented.
Parts of Speech
12. 6. Preposition – This part of a speech basically refers to words that specify location or a location
in time.
7. Conjunction - The conjunction is a part of a speech which joins words, phrases, or clauses
together.
8. Interjection - This part of a speech refers to words which express emotions. Since interjections
are commonly used to convey strong emotions, they are usually followed by an exclamation
point.
Parts of Speech
14. The Bang Strategy is :
Subject + Verb + Object
He + is + meeting +
Client
Subject Verb Object
Sentence Formation
15. Subject – These are the only 8 forms of Subject:
He I
She We
It You
Name They
Verb - The ongoing Job/ or the job Done/ or the job which has to happen
Object- What/ Where/Who
Exercise 1:
Jam :
• Steal the words
• Rapid-fire of words
• No steal of the conjunctions, preposition, connectors
Sentence Formation
16. To change any sentence in any tense, we can apply the below formula
Formula: Subject + .....x.... + Verb + Object ; where, x stands for helping Verb.
He + is + meeting + Client
Subject Verb
Helping Verb Object
Exercise 2
Sentence Formation
17. Some specific rules of Grammar are as follows:
Rule: Formula No. 1 : Subject+ Verb (s/es) + Object.
He -s/es I
She Doesn’t We Don’t
It You
Name They
Exercise: Hindi Sentences with English Translations
Sample Sentences :
• He wants to take bath
• We don’t want to complain against him.
• She doesn’t like paragliding.
Sentence Formation
18. Rule: Formula No. 2 : S + ___H.V___ + Verb (ing) + Object
Is/am/ Are
Sample Sentences:
• Katherine is Helping me in Homework.
• Jose is thinking to leave the Job.
• They are writing letter to her father
Exercise 4: Draw the picture as fast as possible after hearing the sentence.
Sentence 1: Dog is barking on the tree.
Sentence 2: Monkey is climbing the electricity Pole
Sentence 3: Mum is yelling on me
Sentence 4: We are eating the tail of the Pencil
Sentence 5: You are dumping the garbage on me
Sentence Formation
19. Exercise 5: Give the Excuses why your Boss cannot take the call of the Client
Example 1 : He is dancing on the tune of Sare-gama
Example 2: He is meeting somebody
Example 3: He is flying to New York
Example 4: He is having dinner
Example 5: He is going to his own wedding.
Exercise 6: - Mr. Bean’s Video - Write Down the activities in present tense what he is doing.
Sentence Formation
20. Sample Sentences:
• She was wringing all the clothes
• They were not convincing them on the cost
• He was delaying the meeting since last 6 days.
Exercise 7: Bond the Story
Pick a chit, the Chit will contain a Verb and the Object. Connect n Make a sentence and 2nd Person
have to Continue the whole Story.
Eg.1: Drive/ Monkey- I saw the monkey climbing tree when I was driving to Office
Eg.2: eat / Dog – I saw the Dog trying to jump on Monkey.
Eg.3: Fight/ Michael- Monkey was fighting with Michael when he saw Monkey.
Exercise 8: Catch The Bluff
Topic will be given if the participants are unable to Think.
They need to create Stories on this topic. Audience need to catch what’s the bluff.
Rule : Formula No. 3 : S + ___H.V___ + Verb (ing) + Object
Was/Were
Wasn’t/ Weren’t
Sentence Formation
21. Sample Sentences :
• I will be running in the Marathon.
• You will not be enjoying the Party if your mood is sad
• We will be showing the final draft of presentation by today.
Exercise 9: Astrology- Predict the changes of 2050. The more of Match of Sentences , the more of
the cancelled it would be. Come up with Unique Ideas.
Exercise 10: You will be shown the scenes of a video, which will be paused in every 20 seconds.
You need to predict what would be expected new scene. We can use the advertisement.
Exercise 11
Rule: Formula No. 4 : S + ___H.V___ + Verb (ing) + Object
Will be
Will not be/ Won’t be
Sentence Formation
24. Verb tense tells you when the action happens. These are as follows:
The Present Tenses - The present tense is used to describe things that are happening right now,
or things that are continuous.
• Simple present - the one which we use when an action is happening right now, or when it
happens regularly, formed by using the root form or by adding -s or -es to the end, depending
on the person. Eg. I write grammar books.
• Present perfect - The present perfect is used when an action began in the past yet is still
relevant. It’s created by using the present tense of have + the past participle. Eg. They have
slept in because it’s Saturday morning.
• Present continuous - When something is happening at the same time we’re talking about it,
that’s when we use the present continuous tense. We form it by using the present tense
of be + present participle (the root word + -ing). Eg. She is washing the car as we speak.
• Present perfect continuous - The present perfect continuous is used with actions that began
in the past and are still continuing. The formula for present perfect continuous is present
tense of have + been + present participle (root + -ing).
Eg. What have you been doing since I last saw you?
Tenses
25. The Past Tenses - The past is used to describe things that have already happened (e.g. earlier in
the day, yesterday, last week, three years ago).
• Simple past - The simple past refers to things that have already happened, and are finished
doing their thing. Eg. World War II was from 1939-1945.
• Past perfect - The past perfect tense is used to show that one action in a sentence finishes
before a second action begins. Words like before and after are indicators that the past perfect
tense may be used; Eg. After he tied his shoes, he left the house.
• Past continuous - The past continuous tense is used to refer to several temporal situations.
It’s made with the past tense of be + the present participle (the root word = -ing).
Eg. It was raining. The water was pouring down in sheets and the passersby were getting
wetter with every step, despite their umbrellas.
• Past perfect continuous - The past perfect continuous is written by using the past tense
of have + been + present participle. It’s used when one activity in the past was happening
before or after another activity had taken place.
Eg. It was 5 o’clock; his parents had been waiting for him since 2 o’clock.
Tenses
26. The Future Tenses - The future tense describes things that have yet to happen (e.g. later,
tomorrow, next week, next year, three years from now).
• Simple Future - The simple future is the tense we use when something will begin and end
later. It’s created by putting will in front of the root word. Eg. Annie will make a cake.
• Future perfect - The future perfect is used to talk about an action that will be finished before
something else happens in the future. It’s made by using will + have + the past participle. Eg.
Hopefully, the prospectors will have found gold before winter comes.
• Future continuous - The future continuous relates one action in the future to another specific
action or time. It’s formed this way: will + be + present participle (root word + -ing). Eg.
Will you be joining us?
• Future perfect continuous - The future perfect continuous tense is used much like the future
perfect, but one of the actions is likely to continue beyond the other. It can also be used
when one action will be continuing at a certain time in the future. Eg. In September, I will
have been going to school for 4/5 of my life.
Tenses
27. Basic Rules:
1. Find the Subject Verb Object
2. Convert Object into Subject
3. Use suitable helping verbs with the subject
4. Convert the main verb into ‘third form’
5. Use preposition ‘by’
6. The passive voice requires a "double verb" and will always consist of a form of the
verb "to be" and the past participle (usually the "en/ed/t" form) of another verb.
Passive cannot be formed for below tenses:
• Present Perfect Continuous
• Past Perfect Continuous
• Future Continuous
• Future Perfect Continuous
Voice – Active and Passive
30. Modals
Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs.
Here are some important differences:
• Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.
Examples:
• He can speak Chinese.
• She should be here by 9:00.
• You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple Past.
Examples:
• He should not be late.
• They might not come to the party.
Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses.
• Examples:
• He will can go with us. Not Correct
• She musted study very hard. Not Correct
32. Ability
Capacity
Possibility
Permission
Sample Sentences:
• We all can put our efforts to make this event a big Success.
• We can convert the client to our court.
• It may turn to be a racquet against us. Beware!!
• May I help you with the concept of this code?
Rule: Formula No. 5: S+ May/Can + Verb + Object
Can/May
33. Could/Would
Points to remember
• The difference is the Surety.
• Could does not include surety
Sample Sentences:
• She could read loud only if her throat was not bad.
• It could happen if we try to give one more shot.
• Diya couldn’t see anything except the goal in front of her.
• I couldn’t do this job because I was out of the office
Rule : Formula No. 6: S+ Could + Verb + Object
Couldn’t
34. Must/Mustn’t
Points to remember
• When you order someone.
• Make them adhere.
• We show the importance
Sample Sentences:
• You must practice before going for final presentation
• They must ensure work should be done on time.
• She mustn’t be in meeting.
Rule : Formula No. 7: S+ Must + Verb + Object
Mustn’t
Exercise
36. This part of a speech basically refers to words that specify location or a location in time.
Examples of Prepositions: above, below, throughout, outside, before, near, and since
Sample Sentences:
• Micah is hiding under the bed.
• During the game, the audience never stopped cheering for their team.
Can be divided into 3 parts :
Preposition of Place
Preposition of Direction
Preposition of time
Preposition
37. Preposition of Place
Prepositions of Time defines the location of the person or a thing in relation to other people.
Some common preposition of Place:
1. In/into
2. On
3. Over
4. Under
5. Behind
6. Between
7. Inside
8. with
Sample Sentences:
• The Bird is in the cage
• The Horse jumped over the gate
38. Preposition of Direction
Preposition of direction shows us the way in which a person or a thing moves or is directed to
other people or thing.
Sample Sentences:
• The boy jumped into the water
• The wind is blowing towards the water
39. Preposition of Time
Preposition of Time show us the time relation between 2 events or situation
Some common preposition of time.
• In
• At
• After
• Before
• On
• During
• Since
Sample Sentences:
• I was born in October
• School finishes at 3 pm
Exercise
41. A word used to connect sentences/ two or more events or things occurring at the same point in
time
Examples of Conjunctions: and, yet, but, for, nor, or, and so
Sample Sentences:
• This cup of tea is delicious and very soothing.
• Kiyoko has to start all over again because she didn’t follow the professor’s instructions.
• Homer always wanted to join the play, but he didn’t have the guts to audition.
Conjunction Song
Conjunctions
42. Interjections
Interjections is expressions, quick connections with the way that you feel.
• Latin word which means “Throw between”
• Its non Verbal too.
Sample Sentences:
• Ouch! That must have hurt.
• Hurray, we won!
• Hey! I said enough!
Worksheet include Sentences Like:
Example: I would feel_______ if I get Internet attached to my brain.
Example 2: I would be ________if I can drive to moon.
Example 3: ______, It hurts me !!
43. Second Conditionals
Second Conditionals are the partnership of “If” and “Then”.
Exercise 1 : Answer the question written on paper
Question 1: If I had 4 legs……………………..
Question 2: If I were the richest person in the world……………
Exercise 2 :, Write the Consequence One by One
For Eg: “If you were still in bed now, then you’d oversleep and feel groggy when you woke up”, “If
you felt groggy when you woke up, then you’d drink 3 cups of coffee”, “If you drank three cups
of coffee, then you’d get chest pains”, etc.
Exercise 3: 1 set of people will write the sentence starting from if, an the other set by “then”. Pair up.
It will be finny collaborations.
44. Articles
An Article is a word used to modify a noun.
Articles in English language are :
• A/An
• The
• Some (in certain contexts)
Exercise
46. Habits
Rule: Formula No 9: S+ Used to + Verb+ Object
Points to remember
• The action has happened in Past.
Sample Sentences:
• I used to play lane games when I was 6.
• I used to handle clients in a powerful manner earlier.
47. Interrogative ??????
Rule: Formula No. 10: H.V + Subject + Verb+ Object?
H.V + Subject + Not +Verb + Object?
Points to remember
• It can only be answered as Yes Or No.
Sample Sentences:
• Have you asked before booking the appointment?
• Don’t you think its too bad in taste?
• Aren’t you available for the proof of concept meeting
Exercise: Conversation In questions
48. Rule : Formula No. 11 : S + Verb-II +O ( Affirmative)
S+ didn’t +Verb-I + O ( Negative)Practice
Sample Sentences:
• You did it Man
• Bird flew towards the nest
• Parth Didn’t come to Party.
Exercise 11: Guess My Life
Diverse Formulae
Rule: Formula No.12 : S + Will + Verb+ Object
Will not
Note: Interrogative Formula: Will + Subject + Verb- III + Object
49. Rule: Formula No. 13: S+ Has/Have + Verb III + Object
Had/ Hadn’t
will have
Sample Sentences:
• She has done a great job.
• Mozila has drenched herself in the rain.
• They will have stood aside in the sad time.
Exercise : Big Liar, Big Winner. Who was more busy? (Being Fake)
Diverse Formulae
50. Rule : Formula No. 8: S+ Have to + Verb + object
Had to
Will have to
Exercise: More the Excuse, Big the winner
Craving Sentences
52. Active and Passive Voice
Verbs are either active or passive in voice.
• In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward: the subject
is a do-er.
• In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is not a do-er. It is shown with by +
do-er or is not shown in the sentence.
53. Sample Sentences:
•Sam wrote a letter to Jamie.
•A letter was written to Jamie by Sam.
•The government built a new bridge.
•A new bridge was built by the government.
•I recommend that you apply for this position.
•It is recommended that you apply for this position.
Active and Passive Voice
Exercise
55. • Office Basics
• Late or no show
• Explanations and Presentations
• Meetings
• Phone calls
• Talking to Coworkers
• Talking to the Boss
• Talking to Subordinates
• Business Trips
• Offices and Cubicles
• Review Process
Spoken English – in Business setting
Discussion
56. Tips for Speaking:
• Don't jump directly to the subject: Build the introduction
• Show up to give, not to take: Don’t expect audience reaction to motivate yourself to
speak.
• Make eye contact : Eye-contact with audience
• Turn nervousness into excitement: Make yourself involve with the topic, indeed, prepare
yourself.
• Say thank you when you're done
• Exercise 1: Speak to me, I will draw- Audience needs to draw what the member is saying
• Exercise 2 : Sales Pitch to a crowd
• Exercise 3 : Replace “I” with the word “Oink” and speak up
Spoken English – in Business setting
57. • Be prepared. Your audience is giving you their time and consideration, so rehearse
enough to be confident you'll leave a good impression.
• Start strong. Begin your speech with a powerful opening that will grab your audience's
attention, such as a startling fact or statistic, an interesting story or a funny joke.
• Be conversational. Avoid reading your speech word for word. Instead, refer to notes or
points from an outline to help your speech have a more free-flowing, conversational
tone.
• Speak with passion. If you're truly invested in what you're saying, you'll be better able to
keep your audience's attention.
• Be patient. It's easy to get frustrated if you make a mistake. But remember that public
speaking is not easy and it takes time to hone your skills. Keep practicing and you will
reach your goals.
• Exercise 4 : Extempore
• Exercise 5: GD
Spoken English – in Business setting
58. • Organize your speech in a logical sequence: opening, main points, summary.
• Practice and rehearse a speech frequently prior to delivering it. Ask friends to be your
audience, or practice in front of a mirror. Be sure to use a timer to help you pace your
speech.
• Become familiar with the stage or the setting where the speech will take place. Get a sense
of the size of the stage, where any steps or obstacles might be, and where to enter and exit.
• Choose comfortable clothes to wear, but always maintain a professional appearance.
• Visual aids should fit a speech, whether they are funny, serious or technical. The main goal of
visual aids is to help the audience understand what is being said, and reinforce the points of a
speech in unique and interesting ways.
• Exercise 6: Speech should end with the defined sentence, as specified in the chit. Eg: “Just
Do it”, “I wish People would not say….”.
• Exercise 7: Sales Pitch to Crowd
Spoken English – in Business setting
59. A speech that involves short preparation time.
• Feel free to acknowledge that you have not prepared for a speech. Do this in a professional
way! This should not be an attempt to garner pity, but rather a way to put yourself and your
audience at ease.
• Jot down interesting or significant points
• If you have to choose one great moment, keep in mind that your ending line is particularly
important. If you can walk away gracefully, your speech will be a hit. Keep your big zinger for
last.
• Hijack the topic. There is an old trick that politicians use when they're being interviewed on
TV, and once you realize this, you can see it clearly. They think of questions ahead of time (or
topics to discuss), prepare some talking points, and talk about those, despite the topic or
question they're given. This is a handy trick when you're facing a hard question that you can't
really answer.
• Remember you're in charge of this time. Your goal is to deliver a one-sided conversation, off
the cuff, so you are in complete control. Relax and make it your own.
• Begin with your introductory sentence, elaborate, then start working your way to your
ending sentence. Fill in the middle space with as many points as you can, elaborating on each
one as you go. Just concentrate on the zinger you've reserved for the
Very important: If you do nothing else, write down an introductory sentence and an ending
sentence!
Spoken English – Impromptu Speeches
60. Exercise 1: Present Yourself
Points to remember for Exercise 2:
• Tell a story about the significance of the award.
• Provide background on the recipient.
• Stand so the audience can see you and the award clearly
Exercise 2: Moments of winning the Award
Spoken English – Impromptu Speeches
61. What if You Draw A Blank?
• If you need time to think, you may want to ask the audience a question. Have a few prepared
ahead, like "Do you have any questions," or "Can everyone hear me okay?"
• Pretend like you're pausing .Walk back and forth slowly of what you just spoke, as if you're
letting your last point sink in.
• There is always a joker or popular person who will stand out in the crowd. Stare at someone
like this and try to draw a response from him or her while you think.
• Exercise 3: Extempore
• Exercise 4: Speak the feel-Through Video
Spoken English – Impromptu Speeches
63. Here is a list of things to keep in mind while writing in English :
Consistency in the usages of tenses - Make sure that you do not switch tenses while conveying
the same idea.
• I went to my friend's house yesterday and we play football. (Incorrect)
• I went to my friend's house yesterday and we played football. (Correct)
• I wake up every day at 6 a.m. Then I had breakfast with my parents. (Incorrect)
• I wake up every day at 6 a.m. Then I have breakfast with my parents. (Correct)
Subject Verb Agreement- This is one of the most common errors made in written English. It is
important to choose the correct word form which agrees with the subject of the sentence.
• He like Chinese food. (Incorrect)
• He likes Chinese food. (Correct)
• I lives in Jaipur. (Incorrect)
• I live in Jaipur. (Correct)
Written English – Common errors
64. Usage of Articles - Since many foreign languages do not require the use of articles as much as the
English language, this is another common mistake in English writing made by learners
• I saw movie yesterday. (Incorrect)
• I saw a movie yesterday. (Correct)
• He liked book written by my father. (Incorrect)
• He liked the book written by my father. (Correct)
Capitalization -The first word of a sentence and proper nouns usually start with capital letters.
• he needs to see a Doctor. (Incorrect)
• He needs to see a doctor. (Incorrect)
Spellings -There are some words in English which have confusing spellings. It is important to use
spell-check to avoid unnecessary mistakes.
• The principle of the school asked the students to keep quiet. (Incorrect)
• The principal of the school asked the students to keep quiet. (Correct)
Written English – Common errors
65. Placement of Adverbs - Some English learners find it confusing to place adverbs correctly within
a sentence.
• I go to the library on Thursday usually. (Incorrect)
• I usually go to the library on Thursday. (Correct)
Prepositions after Adjectives - There are no rules to ascertain which preposition will follow a
particular adjective. Therefore, the incorrect use of prepositions is a common thread in the
writings of English learners.
• I am allergic of roses. (Incorrect)
• I am allergic to roses. (Correct)
Usage of 'I' and 'me‘ - 'I' and 'me' are both personal pronouns and are often used incorrectly.
• My friends and me went to Paris. (Incorrect)
• My friends and I went to Paris. (Correct)
Written English – Common errors
66. Comparison of Adjectives - There are two rules that need to be taken care of while making the
comparative and superlative form of adjectives.
• He is more tall than me. (Incorrect)
• He is taller than me. (Correct)
Showing Possession - In English, possession can be shown by using possessive nouns and
pronouns.
• I went to my parents's house. (Incorrect)
• I went to my parents' house. (Correct)
Written English – Common errors
67. Paragraph Writing
• Introduction – Sets the context (Answers the question –what)
• Process - Sets the flow of the idea (Answers the question – why, how, when and where)
• Conclusion – summarizes the above two
• Exercise1: Write a proposal to ask the girl to come with you for date
• Exercise 2: You need to write a Thank you note to your Colleague.
68. • Topic sentence: which includes the topic and a controlling idea.
• Supporting ideas : which support the topic sentence.
• RENNS : Reasons, examples, names, numbers, senses)which develop the supporting ideas by
giving details and explanation.
• Optional concluding sentence: which expresses the importance of the information in the
paragraph, may summarize the supporting ideas if the paragraph is long, or provides a
transition to the next paragraph of the essay.
• Unity which means that all sentences in the paragraph directly support the topic sentence.
• Coherence which means that all the information of the paragraph is well-organized, logically
ordered and easy to follow. This is accomplished by:
– Repetition of key words and phrases (often from the topic sentence)
– Parallel grammatical structure
– Transition words and phrase
Exercise 1: Write the letter to the client specifying your unavailability
Exercise 2: Lets Translate a small paragraph
Exercise 3 : Write for Zing
Paragraph Writing
69. Don't over
communicate
Make good use of
subject lines
Keep messages
clear and brief
Be polite
Bad Example Good Example
Subject: Meeting Subject: PASS Process
Meeting - 10 a.m.
February 25, 2014
Bad Example Good Example
Subject: Revisions For Sales
Report
Hi Jackie,
Thanks for sending that report
last week. I read it yesterday,
and I feel that Chapter 2 needs
more specific information about
our sales figures. I also felt that
the tone could be more formal.
Also, I wanted to let you know
that I've scheduled a meeting
with the PR department for this
Friday regarding the new ad
campaign. It's at 11:00 a.m. and
will be in the small conference
room.
Please let me know if you can
make that time.
Thanks!
Monica
Subject: Revisions For Sales
Report
Hi Jackie,
Thanks for sending that report
last week. I read it yesterday,
and I feel that Chapter 2 needs
more specific information about
our sales figures.
I also felt that the tone could be
more formal.
Could you amend it with these
comments in mind?
Thanks for your hard work on
this!
Monica
(Monica then follows this up
with a separate email about the
PR department meeting.)
E-mail Writing - Basics
70. Check your tone Proofread
Bad Example Good Example
Emma,
I need your report by 5 p.m.
today or I'll miss my deadline.
deadline.
Harry
Hi Emma,
Thanks for all your hard work
work on that report. Could you
you please get your version
over to me by 5 p.m., so I
don't miss my deadline?
Thanks so much!
Harry
Things to remember
• Review your email
• Check grammar & spellings
• Keep it short & concise
• Have a clear call to action
Exercise 1: Instances sharing
Exercise 2: Condition Based Email
Exercise 3: Appreciation mails
Exercise 4: Writing Incident Over a mail
E-mail Writing - Basics
71. Here are top ten vocabulary improvement tips –
1. Make reading the newspaper a daily ritual. You may be comfortable reading a particular
section but make an effort to read different articles on every page. The editorial page is
highly recommended not only for vocabulary but also for structuring and presenting thought.
2. Make it a habit to read a new book every week. It is not surprising that those who read a lot
develop a good vocabulary. You can consider becoming a member of the local library. Make a
list of words that are new to you and look up their meanings in the dictionary.
3. Watching English movies and television shows is important for improving English and
learning new English words. The best part about watching English videos is that you can
learn the correct pronunciation as well.
4. Use vocabulary cards. Vocabulary cards are used by students who are trying to learn many
words in a short period of time. You can make your own cards by writing the word on one
side and the meaning on the other side of a square piece of paper. It is a convenient tool to
learn new words in your free time
5. Use the internet. The internet is an unlimited resource for reading material. Pick up a topic of
your choice and search for articles about it. You will come across plenty of material to read,
which you might find interesting, and importantly, will also introduce you to new words. Be
sure to look them up in a dictionary.
Improving English Vocabulary
72. 6. Don’t forget the new words. The best way to ensure that you never forget the new words
you learn is to start using them in your day to day conversation. Do not try to force them into
a conversation but do use them if you think they are appropriate.
7. Learn pronunciation. Most dictionaries provide us with pronunciations of words using
phonetic symbols. It is important to learn the sounds that correspond to these phonetic
symbols, in order to become comfortable pronouncing new words.
8. Learning in groups is always more fun. If you have friends who also want to improve their
vocabulary, then you can form a group and share new words with each other. You can meet
at regular intervals and measure your progress.
9. Learn the root words. Root words are words from which words grow with the addition of
prefixes and suffixes. For example: The word vocabulary is derived from the Latin root word
‘voc’, which means 'word' or 'name'. Other words like advocacy, vocal and vociferous are also
derived from the same root word. Hence, if you can recognize some root words, you will get
a fair idea of many derived words.
10. Keep revising. While it is important to read and learn new words, it is equally important to
revise what you have learnt. Fix a particular day of the week to revise all the words you have
learnt in that week and add them to your daily vocabulary.
Improving English Vocabulary
