This document discusses several common eye conditions: cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. It provides details on the signs and symptoms, causes, management, and treatment options for cataracts and diabetic retinopathy. Specifically, it explains that cataracts are cloudy areas in the lens of the eye that can impair vision. The most common treatment is cataract surgery. It also outlines the pathogenesis and classification of diabetic retinopathy, a complication of diabetes that damages the retina and can potentially lead to vision loss.
2. Hereditary eye dysfunction
The four most common eye conditions leading to loss of vision or
blindness are:
Cataracts.
Diabetic retinopathy.
Glaucoma.
Age-related macular degeneration.
3. An ocular opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens
or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The
subsequent cloudy appearance of the eye resulted in the origin of the name
cataract SURES - IN HOUSE CLINIC
4. Signs and symptoms of cataracts include
• Clouded, blurred or dim vision
• Increasing difficulty with vision at night
• Sensitivity to light and glare
• Need for brighter light for reading and other activities
• Seeing "halos" around lights
• Frequent changes in eye glass or contact lens prescription
• Fading or yellowing of colors
• Double vision in a single eye
5. Causes
Most cataracts develop when aging or injury changes the
tissue that makes up your eye's lens.
Some inherited genetic disorders that cause other health
problems can increase your risk of cataracts.
Cataracts can also be caused by other eye conditions, past eye
surgery or medical conditions such as diabetes.
Long-term use of steroid medications, too, can cause
cataracts to develop.
6. Management
Vision may be improved by: Using different eyeglasses ------
Magnifying lenses
Cataract Surgery
Draw back: High pressure in the eye • Blood collection
inside the eye • Infection inside the eye
Intake of dietary antioxidants prevent cataract formation by
blocking the oxidative modification of the lens Vitamins A, C
and E
Phacoemulsification: The most common method of
removal. Phaco involves a small incision on the side of the
cornea
7. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
RISK FACTORS
1. Duration of diabetes
2. Poor control of Diabetes
3. Hypertension
4. Nephropathy
6. Obesity and hyperlipidemia
7. Smoking
8. Pregnancy
8. Pathogenesis
Microangiopathy which has features of both microvascular leakage and
occlusion
Larger vessels may also be involved
Loss of pericytes results in distention of weak capillary wall producing
microaneurysms which leak.
Blood-retinal barrier breaks down causing plasma constituents to leak
into the retina – retinal oedema, hard exudates
Basement membrane thickening, endothelial cell damage, deformed
RBCs, platelet stickiness and aggregation
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is produced by hypoxic
retina
VEGF stimulates the growth of shunt and new vessels
9. Classification of DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
(DR)
I Non-proliferative DR (NPDR)
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Very severe
II. Proliferative DR (PDR)
III. Clinically significant macular oedema (CSME)
- May exist by itself or along with NPDR and PDR
10. Refractive Errors
Hyperopia (Far Sightedness)
Object focuses behind the
retina
Able to see only far objects
Signs and symptoms:
blurred vision, Squinting,
Eye rubbing, Headaches
Treatment: Convex lens
Myopia (Near Sightedness)
Object focuses in front of the
retina
Able to see only close objects
Symptoms and Signs: Blurred
vision, squinting, eye rubbing,
headaches
Treatment
Concave lens and Radical
keratotomy
11. Refractive Errors Cont…..
Astigmatism
Abnormal shaped cornea (egg
shape instead of spherical)
Object is partially clear & other
blurred
Symptoms and Signs: blurred
vision, squinting, eye rubbing,
headaches
Treatment
Concave lens and Radical
keratotomy
Presbyopia
Mechanism
Rigidity of the lens (old
age)
unable to focus
Symptoms and Signs:
Blurred vision, squinting,
eye rubbing, headaches
Treatment: Lens transplant
