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관심 영역 기반
픽셀 아트 이미지 생성
2018. 12. 21 (금)
KAIST 전산학부 기하계산연구실
박사과정 김수지
[KSC‘18 Oral Presentation]
INDEX
1. Backgrounds
2. Purpose
3. Methods
4. Results
5. Conclusion
6. References
Backgrounds
픽셀 아트 이미지 (Pixel Art Image)
 입력된 이미지를 픽셀 수준의 낮은 해상도로 표현한 래스터 이미지
 콘솔 게임 등의 표현 형식이 제한적인 매체에서 사용되며, 8-bit 또는 16-bit 와 같은 한정적
인 수의 색채 팔레트(color palette)를 이용해 구성됨
3
게임
(Color by Number)
포스트잇(Post-it)을 활용한 픽셀 아트
(Photo credit: kurioso @flickr)
영화/TV 픽셀 아트
(Photo credit: Gustavo Viselner)
Backgrounds
픽셀 아트 이미지 (Pixel Art Image)
 픽셀 수준의 해상도로 표현한다는 점에서 하프톤 이미지(halftone image), 다운스케일링
(down scaling) 과 비슷한 특성을 가짐
 원본 이미지 내 물체의 형태를 온전히 유지하도록 색상을 선택해 픽셀에 배치한다는 데에 픽셀
아트의 강점이 존재
4
원본 이미지 다운 스케일링 하프톤 픽셀 아트
Backgrounds
픽셀 아트 이미지 (Pixel Art Image) 생성 기법
5
원본 이미지 Naïve Nearest Naïve Cubic [Gerstner et al.]
Purpose
 Introduce a saliency-based pixel art image generation.
 Increase the detail of image while preserving the size of pixel
art image.
6
Methods
Overview
7
원본 이미지 Saliency Prediction Pixel Art ImageWeighted Image
Methods
Saliency Map Generation
 Saliency map shows the significant degree of each pixel in an image.
 CNN-based Saliency Prediction
- SalNet (Pan et al., 2016 CVPR)
8SalNet Architecture Examples of Saliency Map
Methods
Previous Pixel Art Generation [Gerstner et al. 2012]
 Simple Linear Interactive Clustering (SLIC) [Achanta et al. 2010]
- Segment an image into superpixels with color and positional difference
 Mass Constrained Deterministic Annealing (MCDA) [Rose 1998]
- Determine the colors in the palette, and assign one palette color to each pixel
9
Methods
Saliency-based Pixel Art Generation
 Simple Linear Interactive Clustering (SLIC) [Achanta et al. 2010]
- Segment an image into superpixels with color and positional difference
 Mass Constrained Deterministic Annealing (MCDA) [Rose 1998]
- Determine the colors in the palette, and assign one palette color to each pixel
10
Methods
Saliency-based Pixel Art Generation
 Each superpiexel 𝑠𝑠 has a weight 𝛿𝛿 𝑠𝑠 , where 𝜇𝜇𝑡𝑡 is a saliency of pixel 𝑡𝑡:
𝛿𝛿 𝑠𝑠 =
∑𝑡𝑡∈𝑠𝑠 𝜇𝜇𝑡𝑡
𝑠𝑠
11
Results
Effects of Saliency Map (1/3)
12
원본 이미지
Saliency Map
Naïve Nearest Naïve Cubic
[Gerstner et al.] Ours
Results
Effects of Saliency Map (2/3)
13
원본 이미지
Saliency Map
Naïve Nearest Naïve Cubic
[Gerstner et al.] Ours
Results
Effects of Saliency Map (3/3)
14
원본 이미지 Saliency Map Naïve Nearest Naïve Cubic [Gerstner et al.] Ours
Results
Effects of Saliency Map
15
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3
SSIM MSE SSIM MSE SSIM MSE
Naïve Nearest 0.657 1286.2 0.842 595.2 0.638 1231.4
Naïve Cubic 0.529 3935.8 0.648 2811.5 0.593 1813.0
[Gerstner et al.] 0.716 1097.8 0.864 479.6 0.684 652.0
Ours 0.713 1271.6 0.858 532.6 0.669 659.2
Conclusion
 Our method generates a high quality pixel image art at the same file
size by reflecting the weights according to visual attention, saliency.
 Further work is needed to obtain a more optimal result through the
pre-processing (edge detection, background segmentation).
16
References
[1] Chu, Hung-Kuo, et al. “Halftone QR codes.” ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 32.6 (2013): 217.
[2] Kim, Tae-Hoon, and Sang Il Park. “Deep context-aware descreening and rescreening of halftone images.” ACM Transactions on Graphics
(TOG) 37.4 (2018): 48.
[3] Öztireli, A. Cengiz, and Markus Gross. “Perceptually based downscaling of images.” ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 34.4 (2015): 77.
[4] Kuo, Ming‐Hsun, Yong‐Liang Yang, and Hung‐Kuo Chu. “Feature‐Aware Pixel Art Animation.” Computer Graphics Forum. Vol. 35. No. 7.
2016.
[5] Gerstner, Timothy, et al. “Pixelated image abstraction.” Proceedings of the Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering.
Eurographics Association, 2012.
[6] DeCarlo, Doug, and Anthony Santella. “Stylization and abstraction of photographs.” ACM transactions on graphics (TOG). Vol. 21. No. 3.
ACM, 2002.
[7] 김수지, 최성희. “관심 영역 기반 이미지 자리 표시자 생성.” 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집, 2018.6, 1430-1432. 2018.
[8] Pan, Junting, et al. “Shallow and deep convolutional networks for saliency prediction.” Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer
Vision and Pattern Recognition. 2016.
[9] Jiang, Ming, et al. “Salicon: Saliency in context.” Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2015.
[10] Achanta, Radhakrishna, et al. “Slic superpixels.” No. EPFL-REPORT-149300. 2010.
[11] Rose, Kenneth. “Deterministic annealing for clustering, compression, classification, regression, and related optimization problems.”
Proceedings of the IEEE 86.11 (1998): 2210-2239.
17

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[KSC 2018] 관심 영역 기반 픽셀 아트 이미지 생성 (Saliency-based Pixel Art Image Generation)

  • 1. 관심 영역 기반 픽셀 아트 이미지 생성 2018. 12. 21 (금) KAIST 전산학부 기하계산연구실 박사과정 김수지 [KSC‘18 Oral Presentation]
  • 2. INDEX 1. Backgrounds 2. Purpose 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Conclusion 6. References
  • 3. Backgrounds 픽셀 아트 이미지 (Pixel Art Image)  입력된 이미지를 픽셀 수준의 낮은 해상도로 표현한 래스터 이미지  콘솔 게임 등의 표현 형식이 제한적인 매체에서 사용되며, 8-bit 또는 16-bit 와 같은 한정적 인 수의 색채 팔레트(color palette)를 이용해 구성됨 3 게임 (Color by Number) 포스트잇(Post-it)을 활용한 픽셀 아트 (Photo credit: kurioso @flickr) 영화/TV 픽셀 아트 (Photo credit: Gustavo Viselner)
  • 4. Backgrounds 픽셀 아트 이미지 (Pixel Art Image)  픽셀 수준의 해상도로 표현한다는 점에서 하프톤 이미지(halftone image), 다운스케일링 (down scaling) 과 비슷한 특성을 가짐  원본 이미지 내 물체의 형태를 온전히 유지하도록 색상을 선택해 픽셀에 배치한다는 데에 픽셀 아트의 강점이 존재 4 원본 이미지 다운 스케일링 하프톤 픽셀 아트
  • 5. Backgrounds 픽셀 아트 이미지 (Pixel Art Image) 생성 기법 5 원본 이미지 Naïve Nearest Naïve Cubic [Gerstner et al.]
  • 6. Purpose  Introduce a saliency-based pixel art image generation.  Increase the detail of image while preserving the size of pixel art image. 6
  • 7. Methods Overview 7 원본 이미지 Saliency Prediction Pixel Art ImageWeighted Image
  • 8. Methods Saliency Map Generation  Saliency map shows the significant degree of each pixel in an image.  CNN-based Saliency Prediction - SalNet (Pan et al., 2016 CVPR) 8SalNet Architecture Examples of Saliency Map
  • 9. Methods Previous Pixel Art Generation [Gerstner et al. 2012]  Simple Linear Interactive Clustering (SLIC) [Achanta et al. 2010] - Segment an image into superpixels with color and positional difference  Mass Constrained Deterministic Annealing (MCDA) [Rose 1998] - Determine the colors in the palette, and assign one palette color to each pixel 9
  • 10. Methods Saliency-based Pixel Art Generation  Simple Linear Interactive Clustering (SLIC) [Achanta et al. 2010] - Segment an image into superpixels with color and positional difference  Mass Constrained Deterministic Annealing (MCDA) [Rose 1998] - Determine the colors in the palette, and assign one palette color to each pixel 10
  • 11. Methods Saliency-based Pixel Art Generation  Each superpiexel 𝑠𝑠 has a weight 𝛿𝛿 𝑠𝑠 , where 𝜇𝜇𝑡𝑡 is a saliency of pixel 𝑡𝑡: 𝛿𝛿 𝑠𝑠 = ∑𝑡𝑡∈𝑠𝑠 𝜇𝜇𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠 11
  • 12. Results Effects of Saliency Map (1/3) 12 원본 이미지 Saliency Map Naïve Nearest Naïve Cubic [Gerstner et al.] Ours
  • 13. Results Effects of Saliency Map (2/3) 13 원본 이미지 Saliency Map Naïve Nearest Naïve Cubic [Gerstner et al.] Ours
  • 14. Results Effects of Saliency Map (3/3) 14 원본 이미지 Saliency Map Naïve Nearest Naïve Cubic [Gerstner et al.] Ours
  • 15. Results Effects of Saliency Map 15 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 SSIM MSE SSIM MSE SSIM MSE Naïve Nearest 0.657 1286.2 0.842 595.2 0.638 1231.4 Naïve Cubic 0.529 3935.8 0.648 2811.5 0.593 1813.0 [Gerstner et al.] 0.716 1097.8 0.864 479.6 0.684 652.0 Ours 0.713 1271.6 0.858 532.6 0.669 659.2
  • 16. Conclusion  Our method generates a high quality pixel image art at the same file size by reflecting the weights according to visual attention, saliency.  Further work is needed to obtain a more optimal result through the pre-processing (edge detection, background segmentation). 16
  • 17. References [1] Chu, Hung-Kuo, et al. “Halftone QR codes.” ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 32.6 (2013): 217. [2] Kim, Tae-Hoon, and Sang Il Park. “Deep context-aware descreening and rescreening of halftone images.” ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 37.4 (2018): 48. [3] Öztireli, A. Cengiz, and Markus Gross. “Perceptually based downscaling of images.” ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 34.4 (2015): 77. [4] Kuo, Ming‐Hsun, Yong‐Liang Yang, and Hung‐Kuo Chu. “Feature‐Aware Pixel Art Animation.” Computer Graphics Forum. Vol. 35. No. 7. 2016. [5] Gerstner, Timothy, et al. “Pixelated image abstraction.” Proceedings of the Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering. Eurographics Association, 2012. [6] DeCarlo, Doug, and Anthony Santella. “Stylization and abstraction of photographs.” ACM transactions on graphics (TOG). Vol. 21. No. 3. ACM, 2002. [7] 김수지, 최성희. “관심 영역 기반 이미지 자리 표시자 생성.” 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집, 2018.6, 1430-1432. 2018. [8] Pan, Junting, et al. “Shallow and deep convolutional networks for saliency prediction.” Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 2016. [9] Jiang, Ming, et al. “Salicon: Saliency in context.” Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2015. [10] Achanta, Radhakrishna, et al. “Slic superpixels.” No. EPFL-REPORT-149300. 2010. [11] Rose, Kenneth. “Deterministic annealing for clustering, compression, classification, regression, and related optimization problems.” Proceedings of the IEEE 86.11 (1998): 2210-2239. 17