3. City: Fundamental layers throughout its history
“Agglomeration” + “Regulation Institutions”
MASTER PLAN
Development
Infrastructure Layer II. Institutions, Planning, Governance
District planning
Transport
PLANNING Environment
Clusters
Industry Housing Districts
CBD
University
Layer I. Agglomeration, clusters and networks
Science Parks
and Incubators
MASTER PLAN MASTER PLAN MASTER PLAN MASTER PLAN
Infrastructure Infrastructure Infrastructure Infrastructure
Transport Transport Transport Transport
District planning District planning District planning District planning
Environment Environment Environment Environment
Clusters Clusters Clusters Clusters
Industry Housing Districts Industry Housing Districts Industry Housing Districts Industry Housing Districts
CBD CBD CBD CBD
University University University University
Science Parks Science Parks Science Parks Science Parks
and Incubators and Incubators and Incubators and Incubators
INDUSTRIAL CITY VICTORIAN CITY FORDIST CITY INNOVATION-LED
4. City: Beginning of 21st century - A new type of urban space
Two driving forces: Innovation-led economy + Digital spatiality
A. The contemporary urban economy and B. A new spatiality / layer (digital /
society has become knowledge-based intelligence) has been added on the
and innovation-led: Knowledge cities, urban agglomeration, activities,
innovation cities, innovating cities, infrastructures, regulation and planning.
creative cities. R&D, knowledge and It is composed of broadband networks,
innovation are main drivers of city’s user interfaces, content applications,
development. City governance and and e-services. All these artcrafts create
planning also change by public-private un umbrella of communication and
partnerships and triple-helix alliances. cooperation over the cities, locally and
globally.
+
5. A. Innovation-led economy / Knowledge-based cities
Local innovation systems, clusters, supply chains, alliances, institutions
INNOVATION FINANCE TECHNOLOGY
Venture capital funds TRANSFER
Technology incentives Co-operation between
Regional incentives and aids universities and
Spin-offs / start-ups companies NEW PRODUCT
Technology brokerage DEVELOPMENT
Licensing Provision of management,
product, market, and
quality services
Specialised centres
Business consultants
RESEARCH AND Strategic
TECHNOLOGICAL company
planning
DEVELOPMENT
Research institutes
University research PROCESS
Market New Producti
R&D in large companies Innovatio Produc INNOVATION
research product on
Innovative SMEs R&D n re-
tion Clusters and networks
developm runs
funding tooling Technology co-operation
ent
Supply chains
Alliances
Distribution & Promotion
Social and economic base of innovation-led / knowledge cities:
Innovation systems explain innovation performance with respect to networks and interactions
among companies, universities, and government. The internal dynamic of an innovation system creates
a ‘perpetual cycle borne out of the critical inputs of intellectual and financial capital, translated into
new technologies and products that lead to new firm formation and job creation, generating revenues
that may be re-invested into the system’ (John Adams Innovation Institute 2007).
Evolutionary theory and the role of external environment selecting innovations
Geographical clustering of innovation, tacit knowledge, trust relations and alliances
Open innovation, co-design, end-user involvement in innovation / real city environments
6. B. Digital spatiality / intelligence over the cities
Components: Network–Data technologies–Applications-eServices
e-Technologies
Ψηφιακή Διακυβέρμηση
• Knowledge repository
§ Πληροθόρηζη για σπηρεζίες και διαδικαζίες
Information
Πληροφόρηση • Exploitation eTools
§ Οn-line απόκηηζη πιζηοποιηηικών e-Innovation
Ψηφιακή Δημοκρατία
§ Πληροθόρηζη για καηοίκοσς και • Online tech transfer § Πληροθόρηζη για δραζηηριόηηηες
• To the citizen
επιτειρήζεις §• Μεηάδοζη ζσνεδριάζεφν ηφν
Collaborative spaces
§ • To producers
Επιλεγμένοι ηομείς ενδιαθέρονηος • οργάνφνproduct
New μέζφ διαδικηύοσ
§ • City events On-line θόροσμ ζσζηηήζεφν
§development tools
Δσναηόηηηα ειζαγφγής πληροθοριών
• Locationκαι επιτειρήζεις
από καηοίκοσς of activities § On-line δημουηθίζμαηα e-Services
`
Network Applications
Visualisation Digital
Προβολή και Πολιτισμός Data-Technologies
Τεχνολογίες
Broadband city δίκτσο πόλης
Εσρσζωνικό network Entrepreneurship
Ψηφιακή Επιχειρηματικότητα
• The city
§ Ψηθιακός τάρηης Fiber Optics, 3G, WiMAX, WiFi Mess, Cable/DSL, WiFi
• Cultural heritage Fiber oprics, 3G, WiMax, WiFi, xDSL § On-line επιτειρημαηικά εργαλεία
§ Εικονική περιήγηζη • e-Marketplaces
§ Τοπικό e-marketplace
• Monuments
§ Πολιηιζηική Πληροθόρηζη • e-Location
• Place & environment • e-Business
e-Government
• Online city services
• Online administration
• e-Democracy
7. Intelligent city: A three layer system
A more advanced, complex and effective urban system
Layer III. Digital spatiality over the city
INNOVATION PLAN
Smart Infrastructure
Cluster planning Smart transport
Layer II. Institutions, Planning, Governance
Environmental sustainability
Clusters
Industry Housing Districts
CBD
University
Science Parks
and Incubators
Layer I. Agglomeration, clusters and networks
8. Intelligent cities: Impact from adding a digital layer
Advanced knowledge functions – Improved city functions
Advanced knowledge functions
1. e-INFORMATION: Gathering, Improved city functions
processing and delivery Competitive cities based on
2. e-LEARNING: Skill global clusters, networks, and
development, technology supply chains
transfer, technology acquisition Innovative cities: Innovation
3. e-INNOVATION: Creation of crowdsourcing + global
new products and services. innovation chains
Digital tools and environments for Energy saving infrastructure
new product design and Improved city transportation
production. Local and global
More secure urban space
innovation supply chains.
Real time monitoring and
4. e-DIFFUSION: Marketing,
management of the environment
promotion, delivery of products
and services Wider citizens participation to
decision making
9. Intelligent cities: Impact
The integration of digital space transforms city functions and districts
Innovation Economy
• 1- Intelligent city clusters: manufacturing, business
services, health, tourism
• 2- Intelligent city districts: CBD, techno park, mall,
university campus, port area, airport city
• 3- New companies creation / intelligent incubators
City Infrastructure – Quality of life
• 4- Smart transport and parking
• 5- Broadband, wi-fi
• 6-Energy saving / smart grid
• 7- Environment monitoring, real time alert and safety
Governance
• 8- Government services to citizens
• 9- Decision making / participation / direct democracy
• 10- Monitoring & measurement: The city a database
11. A new family of concepts:
Cyber - Digital - Intelligent – Smart cities
Many different descriptions of what an intelligent city (IC) is can be found in the literature:
ICs have been initially identified with virtual reconstructions of cities, virtual cities. The term has been used interchangeably
as an equivalent of ‘digital city’ covering a wide range of digital representations of the physical space of cities (Droege 1997).
However, the additional communication capabilities offered by a virtual platform or a virtual reconstruction of a city is not
adequate to characterize an urban system as 'intelligent'.
In a metaphorical use of the term, ICs have been seen as a commonplace for various electronic IT systems and digital
applications involved in city operations and functions. MIMOS, the Malaysian Telecommunications Institute, pointed out that
the metaphorical characterizations of the ‘Intelligent City’ cover many concepts such as the ‘invisible city', ‘information city’,
'wired city', 'telecity', ‘knowledge-based city', ‘virtual city’, ‘electronic communities’, 'electronic spaces', 'flexicity', ‘teletopia',
'cyberville', etc., where each term stresses a specific functional activity.
Another meaning was given by the World Foundation for Smart Communities, that links digital cities with smart growth, a
development based on information and communication technologies. ‘A Smart Community is a community that has made a
conscious effort to use information technology to transform life and work within its region in significant and fundamental,
rather than incremental, ways’ (California Institute for Smart Communities, 2001).
ICs were seen as environments with embedded information and communication technologies creating interactive spaces
that bring computation into the physical world user’ (Steventon and Wright 2006). From this perspective, intelligent cities (or
intelligent spaces more generally) refer to physical environments in which information and communication technologies and
sensor systems disappear as they become embedded into physical objects and the surroundings we live, travel, and work in.
Intelligent cities were also defined as territories that bring innovation and ICTs within the same locality. The Intelligent
Community Forum has developed a list of five criteria for understanding how communities and regions can gain a competitive
edge by combining broadband communications to businesses, government facilities and residences with effective education,
training, and innovation in the public and private sectors (ICF 2006).
Along the same line, intelligent cities (communities, clusters, regions) were defined as territorial systems of innovation
sustained by digital communication and interaction. ‘We use the term ‘intelligent city’ to characterize areas which have the
ability to support learning, technological development, and innovation procedures on the one hand, with digital spaces,
information processing, and knowledge transfer on the other hand’ (Komninos 2002, p. 198).
12. A new family of concepts: Cyber - Digital - Intelligent – Smart cities
Differences in substance and function of layer III
Digital
Cyber
Intelligent
Smart
e-Intelligence e-Technologies
Layer III. Digital space over the city
e-Innovation e-Markets
Universities /
Technology Transfer Research
Organisations Institutes
Tech Parks, Tech Networks,
Brokers, Consultants Public R&D
Laboratories
CLUSTERS
Group of companies in co-
Private R&D
operation
Departments
Vertical / Horizontal
and Centres
Layer II. Institutions, Planning, Governance
Innovation Financing Technology Information System
Banks, Business Angels, Patents, Standards, Technical
Venture Capital, Regional Publications, Emerging Markets,
Incentives Foresight
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Layer I. Agglomeration, clusters and networks
retsulC
15. 3. Intelligent Cities
URENIO: Integration of three intelligences
Layer III, relates to digital spatiality and
artificial intelligence embedded into the e-Intelligence e-Technologies
physical environment of the city. This
includes the communication infrastructure,
digital spaces, and e-tools for problem-
solving available to the city's population.
Layer II, relates to cooperation institutions e-Innovation e-Markets
and the collective intelligence of a city’s Technology Transfer
Universities /
Research
Institutes
Organisations
population. Includes institutions and Tech Parks, Tech Networks,
Brokers, Consultants
CLUSTERS
Public R&D
Laboratories
Group of companies in co-
mechanisms regulating knowledge flows
Private R&D
operation
Departments
Vertical / Horizontal
and Centres
and co-operation in learning and innovation: Innovation Financing
Banks, Business Angels,
Technology Information System
Patents, Standards, Technical
Publications, Emerging Markets,
R&D institutions, venture capital funds,
Venture Capital, Regional
Incentives Foresight
technology transfer and training centers,
intellectual property, spin-off incubators,
technology and marketing consultants. sbaL .vinU .grO .veD
kraP hceT retsulC
.tsnI .seR retsulC
Layer l, relates to people in the city: the
intelligence, inventiveness and creativity of
the individuals who live and work in the city,
the activities and clusters of a city. 15
16. 4. Intelligent Environments
Intelligent spaces – Ubiquitous cities
“Types of Intelligent Environments range from
private to public and from fixed to mobile;
some are ephemeral while others are
permanent; some change type during their life
span. The realisation of Intelligent
Environments requires the convergence of
different prominent disciplines: Information
and Computer Science, Architecture, Material
Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Sociology
and Design.
In addition, technical breakthroughs are
required in key enabling technology fields, such
as, microelectronics (e.g., miniaturisation,
power consumption), communication and
networking technologies (e.g., broadband and
wireless networks), smart materials (e.g., bio-
implants) and intelligent agents (e.g., context
awareness and ontologies)” (IE 08).
16
17. 5. Intellectual capital for cities and regions
Knowledge Cities Summits
‘Intangible or intellectual capital resources are now largely recognized as the most
important competitive advantage’.
Corporate level: Intangible investments (R&D, innovation, knowledge creation,
marketing, advertising) are the most important sources of performance’.
Community level: Ragusa (1301-1806): A city of intelligence - Social intelligence / political
+ institutional / organised
Measuring, accounting intellectual capital
Cultivating / nourishing intellectual capital
18. 6. Intelligent Communities
Intelligent Community Forum: Innovation & Broadband
Broadband
ICTs
infrastructure policy
Digital inclusion
policy
Intel
Community
Strategy
Innovation
policy Promotion
and
Policy for
marketing
knowledge
policy
workers
Place
Innov 18
20. Intelligent cities
A set of concepts linking cities, innovation, and digital services
Intelligent cities: A new urban
Cities /
planning and development communities
paradigm combining
Cities / communities
Innovation systems
ICTs, broadband networks and Innovation ICTs /
e-services systems broadband
networks /
services
Intelligent innovation
ecosystems
Cities /
Cities / communities
communities A spectrum of combinations
ICTs /
Innovation
Intellectual capital of cities Intelligent environments broadband
systems networks /
20
services
21. More:
Komninos, N. (2002) Intelligent Cities: Innovation, knowledge systems and digital
spaces, London and New York: Taylor and Francis. (Chapter 13)
Komninos, N. (2008) Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks,
London and New York: Routledge. (Chapters 5 and 10)
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